W1 Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is Emotion?

A

intense, short-lived lived affective condition which involves taking an evaluative position with respect to an intentional object/event (e.g. Anger, disgust, surprise)

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2
Q

What is Mood?

A

Usually less intense and longer lasting affective state, which is not directed at any specific object, reflecting more diffuse and generalized evaluative processes (e.g., Calm, Tense, Drowsy).

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3
Q

What is Affective?

A

Any mental state involving and evaluative relationship with the environment. Important subcategories are emotion and mood.

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4
Q

What is Affective Well-being?

A

Generalized evaluation of affect that is more enduring than mood. Severely impaired affective well-being is a feature of affective disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety).

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5
Q

Emotion 1884 James

A

Bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion.

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6
Q

Emotion 1954 Arnold and Gason

A

The felt tendency towards an object judged suitable, or away from an object judged unsuitable, reinforced by bodily changes.

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7
Q

Emotion1991 Lazarus

A

Organized psycho-physiological reactions to news about ongoing relationships with the environment.

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8
Q

Emotion 2013 Keltner, Oatley and Jenkins

A

Multifaceted responses to events that we see as challenges or opportunities in our inner or outer world, events that are important to our goals - particularly our social goals.

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9
Q

Emotions are made up of what?

A

Reaction to a stimulus(= Physiological response, attentional orientation)
Appraisal (= relevance to goals, evaluation of meaning),
Organization of response (=overt action, facial expression).

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10
Q

Discrete/categorial Model

A

a set of basic and fundamental emotions exists = innate, universal, irreducible and correspond to specific neurophysiological systems (= facial expressions).
6 basic emotions (now 7: contentment)

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11
Q

Evidence for basic emotion (Discrete/Categorical Model)
Ekman et al. 1972

A

Tribe in New Guinea who had never been exposed to Western cultures, imagine how they would feel in a certain situation and their facial expressions.
Their facial expression were then shown to American students, they were able to identify the emotions.

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12
Q

Evidence against basic emotions (Discrete/Categorical Models)

A

Facial expression don’t reflect the emotion, they’re a social tool to communicate emotions. Context is important. Facial expression of the valence of the emotion (positive or negative) but less so on the individual basic emotion were universal.

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13
Q

Dimensional Models = The circumplex model of affect .

A

Emotions arise from two dimensions: Pleasure and Arousal. Each emotion is the linear combination of these two dimensions. Happiness = high pleasure and moderate arousal. Anxiety= low pleasure and high arousal. (+)

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14
Q

Dimensional Models = Darwin’s Theory (evolutionary adaptations)

A

Emotions are innate, unlearned, biological responses consisting of a complex set of movements.
Emotions evolved because they allowed humans and animals to survive and reproduce. Universal and important to understand other species emotions to our survival.

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15
Q

Dimensional Models = James-Lange Theory (bodily response)

A

Emotions = the experience of the sets of bodily changes that occur in response to emotive cues in the world. Event happens = brain reactions = emotions as feedback.
1- Emotion producing situations elicit appropriate set of physiological responses (trembling, sweating) and behaviours (clenching of the fists).
2- Brain receives sensory feedback from muscles and organs producing these responses.
3- Feelings of emotions consist of this feedback. 

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16
Q

Critical evaluation of James-Lange Theory by CANON

A

Activity does not differentiate all emotion states. The same bodily changes occur in non-emotional states (fever, exposure to cold) Separating organs from brain in animals does not impair emotion behaviour. Body changes too slow to be a source of emotional feeling.

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17
Q

Dimensinal models = Cannon-Bard Theory = Thalamic theory of emotion (brain response)

A

The hypothalamus (involved in emotional response to stimuli).
Physiological changes in the body and the subjective experience of emotion occur simultaneously. Responses are inhibited by neocortical regions- removal of cortex allows uncontrolled emotion displays
Influenced by lesion studies = Decorticated cats had sudden and inappropriate anger outbursts
(Case of Phineas Gage injuries to prefrontal cortices - problems with emotional processing.)

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18
Q

Schachter & Singer theory (Biopsychosocial)

A

Physiological arousal alone does not explain all emotional reactions. Physiological arousal requires cognitive assessment to determine whether the state of arousal corresponds to anger, happiness, fear ect. Emotions determined jointly by perception of physiological responses + cognitive appraisal.
(Mis)Attributing the cause of emotion = wrongly attributed to different aspect of situation (Dutton and Aron bridge + male participants arousal)

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19
Q

Social factors implicated in emotions how?

A

Social direction (what is the emotion directed to?), Appraisal of emotions depends on social factors (presence of others), our emotions affect other people, emotions elicit soical sharing of emotions, regulation of emotion due to their impact on other.

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20
Q

Emotion contagion (Hatfield et al. 1994)

A

The tendency to automatically mimic and synchronize expressions, vocalizations postures, and movements with those of another person’s and, consequently, to converge emotionally.

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21
Q

Function of emotion contagion (Hazy & Boyatzis, 2015)

A

Enable emotional understanding and identification with others.
Provide a proto-organizing state that enables or prevents cooperative responses.

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22
Q

Emotion contagion Home

A

Joiner (1994) showed that individuals living with a depressed roommate were more likely to become depressed themselves.

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23
Q

Emotion Contagion Workplace

A

Totterdell et al. (2004) examined the spread of affect in employee networks in two organizations. An employee’s affect could be predicted from the weighted affect of everyone else in the network.

24
Q

Emotion contagion Community

A

Fowler and Christakis (2008) conducted a 20-year community study of 4739 people and found that people’s happiness was related to the happiness of the people to whom they were connected, even when those connections were indirect (i.e., via another person).

25
Q

Emotion contagion social-media

A

Kramer et al., (2014) = evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks by manipulating the emotional content in people’s facebook news feeds.
positive expression was reduced, people produced fewer positive posts.
negative expression was reduced they produced fewer negative posts.

26
Q

Emotion contagion Mechanisms (2 processes)

A

Reactive: automatic processes that occur without awareness (e.g. motor mimicry). Also known as primitive emotional contagion (Hatfield et al., 1994).
Inferential: conscious processes that occur through social appraisal of other people’s emotions or by social comparison (e.g., my mates seem happy, perhaps I am too)

27
Q

Primitive emotion contagion = Motor Mimicry

A

= Emotions communicated through unintentional imitation of expressive gestures. Merely perceiving a behaviour can be enough to make others behave similarly. People often automatically mimic the gestures of people around them (e.g. yawning).

28
Q

Primitive emotion contagion Facial feedback hypo

A

Stack et al. 1988 = grip the pen between their teeth/lips watced a funny video. P’s with pen between teeth (smiling) rated it funnier. Cognitive - people make inferences about what they are feeling based on their facial expression. Physiological - the physical position of the muscle in your face can influence emotion.

29
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis critical evaluation

A

= Only one positive emotion was measured- difference between conditions could be due to relative comfort/pleasantness of one facial position over the other. Recent studies didn’t replicate the findings (Andreasson & Dimberg, 2008; Soussignan, 2002).

30
Q

Social appraisal

A

= occurs when we understand the implications of others’ emotional expressions which affects our appraisal of the same objects and events. (Will Smith slap)

31
Q

Social sharing of emotions

A

when individuals communicate openly with one or more persons about the circumstances of the emotion eliciting event and about their own feelings and emotional reaction.

32
Q

Emotions as social information model (EASI) van Kleef, 2009

A

Emotional expressions provide information to observers which may influence their behaviour, through two processes
= Observer inferences (observers infer info about others’ feelings, attitudes, and intentions based on their emotional expression.) = Affective reactions (emotions may spread directly from expresser to observer via emotion contagion processes.)

33
Q

Self-report scale

A

most common method. Limitations = requires self awarness and understanding of emotions. + social desirability

34
Q

Diary studies

A

regularly report, recorded, can use smartphones to send reminers, ecological balitidy is high, minimise memory recall problems, examine change over time.
Limites = P’s burden, biases, response rate may be low.

35
Q

Affect Grid

A

Based on two dimensions: pleasure and arousal continuums. Single item scale to measure emotions. Easy and rapid to administer. Advantages over multiple item questionnaires that are too time consuming and are not appropriate for repeated administration. Requires training of respondent.

36
Q

Noon-linguistic measure

A

Neuroimaging, physiological measures, record facial expression.

37
Q

Neuroimaging

A

Restrictive environment in which emotions can be elicited (e.g. in scanner), needs validation by self-report. X = But emotions are complex and likely to involve networks of brain regions.

38
Q

Psychological measures

A

= Skin conductance, heart rate, perspiration, blood pressure etc. Pleasure and arousal seem to be related to physiological responses. X = However, mapping to specific emotions imprecise and cannot distinguish all emotion.

39
Q

Record facial expressions

A

X Coding of facial behaviour to analyse emotions is complex. X = Facial expressions seem to be sensitive to the valence of the person’s emotional state. X = Facial behaviour is not always a direct reflection of the person’s emotional states = suppression and faking of emotions.

40
Q

Linguistic measures

A

Cogntiive measures, qualitative accounts, peer reprots, sentiment analysis from text

41
Q

Cognitive meausres

A

Stroop type tasks to assess nonconscious accessibility of emotions

42
Q

Peer reports

A

No acces to person’s internal experiences, subjective, requires good knowledge of person

43
Q

Qualitative accounts

A

Interview, focus groups, diary entries. Rich data but idiographic (person centred), difficult to generalise

44
Q

Sentiment analysis from text

A

online media but contextual ambiguity.

45
Q

Emotion elicitation measure

A

film clips, international affect picture system

46
Q

International affect picute system

A

Library of photographs that have been normatively rated on dimensions of pleasure, arousal and dominance (Lang, Bradley & Cuthbert, 1997)

47
Q

Film clips

A

for eliciting specific emotions e.g., disgust – eating dog faeces (Gross & Levenson 1995).

48
Q

Appraisal research

A

focus on how people evaluate what is happening immediately before or during emotional experiences.

49
Q

Emotion w/social object = Schadenfreude

A

(Freude = joy, Schade = damage/harm)
= describing the pleasure that people take in someone else’s misfortune.
Schadenfreude research = emotions can depend on interpersonal and intergroup dynamics.
Function = defend self-esteem when confronted by unfavorable social comparisons.

50
Q

Social dimension to schadenfreude experiences

A

require target person (suffering) another individual (takes pleasure in target). No need for direct contact (e.g. videos)

51
Q

Why do people experience Schadenfreude

A

envy, feeling that they deserve to suffer, feeling inferior to them
Schadenfreude depends on relative perceptions of own status in relation to others.

52
Q

Appraisal (judgement) as a social process

A

Appraisal research agrees that different perceptual and cognitive operations (range) are involved.
Intrapsychic aspects of the relational process (appraisal) = pay less attention to the role of the world (external) and the others.
Appraisal depends on the perceived appraisals of others. Communicated disappointment can activate normative concerns about appropriate behavior.
Appraisals asses the relevance of what is happening for social and personal identities.

53
Q

Group-based appraisal

A

Group-based emotions manipulate group identification at individual level. Social appraisal can manipulate social identify.
= current growth in research, wider range of emotions (pride, schadenfreude, nostalgia).

54
Q

Social appraisal

A

cover situations sin which relational meanings depend on other people’s perceived evaluations.

55
Q

Reverse appraisal

A

= People draw on their knowledge of appraisal–emotion associations to make inferences about the other person’s appraisal. These inferences in turn may influence their own appraisals, emotions, or behavior.

56
Q

Gazed-cue appraisal

A

= Someone else gaze can direct your attention towards objects in the environment. Emotions are associated with patterns of gaze towards or away from objects, they can have relatively direct effects on other people by influencing their attention. Gaze direction can also moderate effects of other’s emotion expression on evaluations of objects.
social appraisal can operate without explicit inferences. Gaze-cued appraisal represents another distinct process that might mediate some of the social effects of emotion.

57
Q

Emotion contagion

A

= Emotions can spread like diseases around the social world.
“Primitive emotion contagion” = people automatically mimic each other’s facial expressions and bodily postures, and interoceptive feedback from these reactions in turn produces corresponding emotions.