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Research Methods > W6 > Flashcards

W6 Flashcards

1
Q

Do p values tell us anything about how important or large a difference between a group might be?

A

NO

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2
Q

What does an effect size tell us?

A

How likely an effect is to have occurred by chance

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3
Q

Effect size is a standardised way to tell us what?

A

How large the effect of our experimental manipulation was

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4
Q

What type of study is effect size especially important for?

A

Meta-analysis

To standardise results across all different types of studies.

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5
Q

In the context of ANOVA, how is the effect size usually reported?

A

partial eta squared

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6
Q

Effect size of 0.45

Is this a lot

A

Yes

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7
Q

How do you calculate effect size?

A

SS between / (SS between + SS error)

Now known as SStotal or Total variance.

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8
Q

What can Eta^2 range from?

A

0-1

Small —> Large effect

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9
Q

How do you layout the report of an effect size?

A

Between p value and MSE (mean squared error)

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10
Q

In the context of ANOVA, what will post hoc tests allow you to determine?

A

Which means sig differ from which

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11
Q

Which test directly counteracts inflated familywise error

A

Bonferroni

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12
Q

What does the Bonferroni test do?

A

Calculates a new alpha

Divides the original alpha by no. of tests conducted.

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13
Q

What do some argue about the Bonferroni test?

A

That it overcorrects for inflated type 1 error

Sacrifices too much power

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14
Q

When should you avoid using the Bonferroni test?

A

When you have lots of conditions

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15
Q

What does the TUKEY HSD (Honest Sig difference) do?

A

Calculates a new critical value

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16
Q

Compare TUKEY HSD with Bonferroni

A

TUKEY HSD is less conservative when comparing larger numbers of means

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17
Q

What is the LSD test equivalent to?

A

Perf multiple t tests

== Does NOT red our familywise error rate = Best to avoid

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18
Q

Which test should be used when you have unequal variances between your groups?

A

Games-Howell test

When Levines test p value is less than 0.05

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19
Q

Differences between the 1-way independent ANOVA and the 1-way repeated measures ANOVA

A

1 -way independent:
- Compare several independent groups w/ each other.

1-way repeated:
- Compare same/related groups

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20
Q

SSt (Sum of squares total) / Total variability

A

Deviation of each score from the grand mean

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21
Q

SSw (Sum of squares within)

Within participant variation

A

How SS vary about their own mean

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22
Q

SSr / Error

A

Variability of ind scores about their treatment mean

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23
Q

Q. True or false? In a repeated measures ANOVA we can ignore the between subject variance.

A

True

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24
Q

Q. True or false? A repeated measures ANOVA allows us to account for individual differences.

A

True

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25
Q

Q. In an independent ANOVA if the SSbetween value is 225.47 and the dfbetween value is 2. What is the MSbetween value?

A

112.74

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26
Q

Q. When running an ANOVA what do we use to identify which means differ from which?

A

Post hoc tests

27
Q

Q. You have an SPSS output that reveals a value for Sphericity of 0.089. Should we conclude that the variances of the differences are roughly equal?

A

Yes

28
Q

Q. In an independent ANOVA you have 3 groups each with 10 participants. If your SSm value is 22.48, what is your SSbetween value?

A

224.80

SSm x no. of people in each group

29
Q

Q. In an independent ANOVA if the SSwithin value is 347.21 and the dfwithin value is 15. What is the MSwithin value?

A

23.15

SS within / df within

30
Q

Q. If you want to compare 3 groups of different participants which test should you use?

A

One way Independent ANOVA

31
Q

Q. If your alpha is 0.05 and you run 12 tests, what would your familywise error rate be?

A

46%

1-(1-0.05)^12

32
Q

Q. In a repeated measures ANOVA, if your SSr value is 124.56 and your dfr value is 23, what is your error variance (MSr)?

A

5.42

33
Q

Q. You have an SPSS output that reveals a value for Sphericity of 0.01. Should we conclude that the variances of the differences are roughly equal?

A

No

34
Q

Q. True or false? Conservative post hoc tests reduce your probability of type 1 and type 2 error?

A

False

35
Q

Q. Your output from a one way independent ANOVA revels a p value of 0.021. Is there a significant difference between the groups?

A

Yes

36
Q

What is the test called that tests for sphericity?

A

Mauchlys test of sphericity

37
Q

What does it mean if the mauchlys test of sphericity test statistic is greater than 0.05?

A

Conclude the variances of the differences are roughly equal.

= Assume sphericity

38
Q

What are the types of corrections to violating the sphericity?

A

Greenhouse-Geisser (Recommended!)

Huynh-Feldt (sometimes too liberal)

Lower-bound (sometimes too conservative)

39
Q

What must you do if the Mauchlys test is significant?

A

Read the Greenhouse Geisser row in SPSS output + report:

  • DFs
  • F value
  • P value
40
Q

Overall steps to calculate the F ratio

A
  1. Calculate total variance
  2. Calculate w/in participant variation
  3. Calculate effect (model) variance
  4. Calculate error (residual) variance
  5. Partition the degrees of freedom.
41
Q

STEPS TO CALCULATING THE F RATIO

  1. Calculating total variance
A
  1. Find grand mean (mean of entire data set)
  2. Calculate grand variance
  3. Grand variance^2 x (n-1)
42
Q

STEPS TO CALCULATING THE F RATIO

  1. Calculating total variance

How to calculate grand variance

A

Each value in data set - grand mean

Square each one

Add together

Divide by degrees of freedom

43
Q

STEPS TO CALCULATING THE F RATIO

  1. Calculating w/in participant variation
A

Need variance column and number of groups.

Variance x (n-1) for each row then add all together.

44
Q

STEPS TO CALCULATING THE F RATIO

  1. Calculating effect (model) variance
A

No. of participants x (condition mean - grand mean) ^2

45
Q

STEPS TO CALCULATING THE F RATIO

  1. Calculating error (residual) variance
A

SSw - SSm

46
Q

End equation to calculate F ratio

A

MSm / MSr

47
Q

Q. If you have 10 participants who are each completing 5 different conditions which test should you use?

A

Repeated measures ANOVA

48
Q

Q. In an independent ANOVA if the SSbetween value is 254.98 and the SStotal value is 499.74.What is the effect size (ŋp2)?

A

0.51

49
Q

Q. In an independent ANOVA if the MSbetween value is 131.28 and the MSwithin value is 30.24. What is the F value?

A

4.34

50
Q

Q. In an independent ANOVA you have 3 groups with the following means:
Group 1: 5, 16, 3, 21, 18, 7
Group 2: 4, 5, 12, 12, 18, 3
Group 3: 15, 22, 8, 10, 6, 6

What is the SS value for the means (SSm)?

A

4.03

51
Q

Q. What term is used to describe your ability to detect an effect of a certain size?

A

Experimental power

52
Q

Q. Your output from a one way independent ANOVA revels a p value of 0.021. Is there a significant difference between the groups?

A

yes

53
Q

Q. In an independent ANOVA you have 3 groups each with 10 participants. If your SSm value is 22.48, what is your SSbetween value?

A

224.80

54
Q

Q. In an independent ANOVA if the SSwithin value is 347.21 and the dfwithin value is 15. What is the MSwithin value?

A

23.15

55
Q

Calculate the sample variance of the following numbers:

58, 26, 66, 74, 44

A

360.80

56
Q

Q. In an ANOVA the F value represents the ratio of effect/model variance compared to which type of variance?

A

Error/residual

57
Q

Q. True or false? A repeated measures ANOVA allows us to account for individual differences.

A

True

58
Q

Q. What value do we use to tell us how large the effect of our experimental manipulation was?

A

Effect size

59
Q

Q. You have an SPSS output that reveals a value for Sphericity of 0.568. Are the variances of the differences roughly equal?

A

Yes

60
Q

Q. In an independent ANOVA if the SSbetween value is 206.54 and the SSwithin value is 316.87.What is the effect size (ŋp2)?

A

0.39

61
Q

Q. In a repeated measures ANOVA, if your SSw value is 254.86 and your SSm value is 76.58, what is your error/residual (SSr) variance?

A

178.28

62
Q

Q. If your alpha is 0.05 and you run 4 tests, what would your familywise error rate be?

A

19%

63
Q

Q. In a repeated measures ANOVA, if your SSm value is 68.94 and your dfm value is 4, what is your effect variance (MSm)?

A

17.23

64
Q

Q. Calculate the population variance of the following numbers:

12, 16, 15, 17, 8, 25, 21, 33, 29

A

59.14

Research Methods (13 decks)

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