W1 & W2

Question 1

What is a systematic review?

Answer 1

Review of a clearly formulated question

Uses systematic + explicit methods to identify, select + critically appraise relevant research, to collect + analyses data from the studies that are included in the review.

Question 2

List the 5 steps involved in a systematic review

Answer 2

Formulate the q

Search for studies

Asses quality of studies

Summarise evidence

Interpret the new findings

Question 3

List some characteristics of a systematic review

Answer 3

Clear question that needs answering

Exhaustive search strategy

Clear inclusion + exclusion criteria

Explicit + transparent methods that are accountable, replicable + updatable

Clear logical rationale that is reported to the reader

Question 4

A systematic review is a review of a clearly formulated question using what kinds of methods?

Answer 4

Systematic + explicit methods

Question 5

What comes under the search process for systematic reviews?

Answer 5

Searching multiple bibliographic databases

Utilise advanced search techniques

Question 6

Why search multiple bibliographic databases?

Answer 6

To ensure you have been systematic + comprehensive in your approach

Question 7

Why Utilise advanced search techniques

Answer 7

To ensure all relevant studies are identified.

Question 8

File drawer problem

Answer 8

Publication bias

When the outcome of an experiment affects the decision to publish it

Question 9

Reasons for the file drawer problem

Answer 9

Journals want to publish clear findings

Non-sig (null) findings are often ambiguous

Question 10

Harking

Answer 10

Hypothesising after the results are known

Question 11

Why is harking really problematic?

Answer 11

Due to impacting on how the p-values are interpreted.

Question 12

P-hacking

Answer 12

Doing whatever to the data to get a sig. result

Question 13

Data fishing

Answer 13

Digging through large datasets to hunt for associations/differences will most likely give you a few.

Question 14

What does a researcher decide?

Answer 14

Which observations are recorded

Which factors to control for

How terms are defined

Question 15

When were p values developed

Answer 15

1930s

Question 16

What are p values calculated from?

Answer 16

Mean scores

Variance

Sample size

Question 17

p value

<0.05

Answer 17

Significant

Reject null hypothesis (no difference between the means)

Question 18

Type 1 error

Answer 18

Finding a sig difference when there actually isn’t one.

Incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis

Question 19

What does a type 1 error usually lead researchers to do?

Answer 19

Conclude that a supposed effect or relationship exists when actually it doesn’t;t

Question 20

How should p-values be interpreted?

Answer 20

In context of their effect sizes + prior likelihood.

Question 21

What guidelines are there for helping what science is real and what isn’t?

Answer 21

PRISMA guidelines

Question 22

What can a small sample mean?

Answer 22

Can often mean the study is underpowered

Problematic w/ imprecise measurement.

Question 23

Chance for a type 1 error

Answer 23

1 in 20

Question 24

Preregistration

Answer 24

Outlining methods + analysis strategy before conducting your research,

Question 25

What can preregistration do?

Answer 25

Reduce the researcher degrees of freedom

Question 26

Open science

Answer 26

Uploading data alongside the journal article

Question 27

What does open science allow other scientists to do?

Answer 27

Analyse data in other ways

Combine datasets

Find errors

Question 28

Triangulation

Answer 28

Using multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to develop comprehensive understanding

Question 29

What comes under the nuremberg code

Answer 29

Informed consent is essential

Research should be based on prior animal work

Risks should be justified by the anticipated benefits

Research must be conducted by qualified scientists

Physical + mental suffering must be avoided

Research in which death or disabling injury is expected should not be conducted.

Question 30

Implications of research misconduct

Answer 30

Harm to participants wellbeing, safety + dignity

Damage to public trust

Waste of research resources + participant effort

Loss of ability to apply for funding