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S8- Diagnostic Imaging > W4- Video Notes > Flashcards

W4- Video Notes Flashcards

1
Q

PART 1: CARDIAC IMAGING MODALITIES

A

PART 1: CARDIAC IMAGING MODALITIES

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2
Q

Chest X-Ray:

  • What was chest x-ray originally used for in the 1900s?
  • Chest x-ray is utilized to calculate cardiac ratio, what is this?
  • What are some lung manifestations of heart disease we can find with chest x-ray? (2)
  • Why is this used frequently with chest pain presentation?
A
  • Originally used for diagnosing TB.
  • Cardiac Ratio: width of heart/width of chest cavity
  • pleural edema, pulmonary effusion
  • Cheap and small radiation exposure.
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3
Q

What is a echocardiogram?

A

Ultrasound waves emitted from piezoelectric transducer bounce off tissues; reflected waves are measured.

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4
Q

What is the difference between Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE) and Transesophageal Echocardiogram?

A
  • TTE = Noninvasive technique applied directly over chest to scan heart.
  • TEE = Probe inserted into esophagus to scan heart.
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5
Q

What form of echocardiography is used to visualize blood flow?

A

Doppler Echocardiography

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6
Q
  • __________ is the gold standard for EXCLUDING INTRACARDIAC THROMBUS.
  • __________ is the gold standard for finding VALVULAR ABNORMALITIES.
A
  • TEE

- Doppler Echocardiography

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7
Q

What is myocardial perfusion imaging?

A

Heavy element radioisotopes are used to mark areas of MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION. Allows us to identify areas of low perfusion in the heart.

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8
Q

What is cardiovascular MRI?

A

Noninvasive use of magnetic fields and radiowaves to form images of structures in the heart.

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9
Q

_______ is the gold standard for assessing cardiac STRUCTURE/FUNCTION.

A

Cardiovascular MRI

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10
Q

Cardiac Catheterization:

  • What is it?
  • What are the downsides?
  • What are the (2) types?
A
  • Involves insertion of catheter into chambers of the vessels of the heart.
  • Downsides are radiation exposure, cost, and that it’s invasive.
  • Right heart cath, Left heart cath
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11
Q
  • __________ is the gold standard for ASSESSING INTRAACARDIAC PRESSURES and CARDIAC OUTPUT.
  • __________ is the gold standard for VISUALIZING CORONARY ARTERIES and IDENTIFYING STENOSIS.
A
  • Right Heart Cath

- Left Heart Cath

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12
Q

Cardiac CT:

  • What are the (2) purposes of cardiac CT?
  • What are the benefits?
  • What are the drawbacks?
A
  • Assess extent of coronary stenosis, visualize thoracic aorta
  • Benefits = Less invasive than cath, produces 3d images
  • Drawbacks = Still requires radiation exposure, contrast that damages kidneys
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13
Q

PART 2: ABDOMINAL IMAGING US AND CT)

A

PART 2: ABDOMINAL IMAGING (US AND CT)

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14
Q

Plain Films - Useful with Limitations For… (3)

A
  • Bowel obstruction and ileus
  • Gross free air
  • Radiopaque foreign body
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15
Q

Plain Films - Low Yield or Insensitive For… (3)

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Stones
  • Any soft tissue abnormality
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16
Q

What is the Rigler sign?

A

Rigler sign (double wall sign) = Sign of pneumoperitoneum seen on an abdominal radiograph when gas is outlining both sides of the bowel wall.

17
Q

What are some causes of Pneumoperitoneum? (13)

A
  • POST-OPERATIVE
  • PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
  • Perforated hollow viscus
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Ischemic bowel
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis
  • Appendicitis
  • Diverticulitis
  • Malignancy
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Trauma
  • Foreign bodies
  • Iatrogenic (e.g. colonoscopy)
18
Q

What are some causes of Small Bowel Obstruction? (7)

A
  • ADHESIONS (90%)
  • Hernia
  • Stricture (inflammatory, ischemic, XRT)
  • Tumor
  • Intussusception (PEDIATRIC PRIMARILY)
  • Volvulus
  • Gallstone
19
Q
  • ______ volvulus (elderly)

- ______ volvulus (younger/middle aged)

A
  • Sigmoid volvulus

- Cecal volvulus

20
Q

PART 3: DIAGNOSING STROKES WITH IMAGING CT, MRI, and ANGIOGRAPHY

A

PART 3: DIAGNOSING STROKES WITH IMAGING CT, MRI, and ANGIOGRAPHY

21
Q

Features of Normal CT. (3)

A
  • Normally delineated curves.
  • Surface appears different than tissue below the surface.
  • Symmetrical.
22
Q

How long does it take for brain changes to be seen on a CT?

A

12-18hrs

23
Q

What does the MCA hyperdense sign signify?

A

Signifies clot

24
Q

CT is good for identification of ______ stroke.

A

hemorrhagic

25
Q

What is a CT Angiography?

A
  • Dye injected into bloodstream to show areas of stroke.

- Angiography can hide normal tissues and can look at just vessels.

26
Q

Does a MRI or CT show brain changes faster?

A

MRI

S8- Diagnostic Imaging (21 decks)

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