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S8- Diagnostic Imaging > W1- General Principles of Imaging > Flashcards

W1- General Principles of Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

“Branch of medicine concerned with radiant energy and radioactive substances, including radioactive isotopes, and ionizing radiation, and the application of this information to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease.”

A

Radiology

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2
Q

What is the recommended resource for identifying imaging indications and integrates common clinical guidelines such as Ottowa and Canadian C-Spine Rules?

A

American College of Radiology (ACR)

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3
Q
  • “An x-ray film containing an image of part of a patient’s anatomy.”
  • “Energy that is transmitted through space or matter.”
  • “Neutral atom becomes charged by gaining or losing an electron.”
A
  • Radiograph
  • Radiation
  • Ionization
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4
Q

What are some conventional terminologies for radiographs?

A
  • plain film
  • film
  • X-ray
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5
Q

What are the 2 current units of measurement for radiation?

A
  • gray

- sievert

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6
Q

What is the difference between soft and hard x-rays?

A

X-rays with high photon energies are called hard X-rays, while those with lower energy (and longer wavelength) are called soft X-rays. Due to their penetrating ability, hard X-rays are widely used to image the inside of visually opaque objects.

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7
Q

What are soft and hard x-rays used for respectively?

A
  • Soft x-rays are used for treatment of superficial malignancies.
  • Hard x-rays are used for diagnostic imaging.
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8
Q

Shorter wave length = ______ energy = ________ penetration

A
  • higher

- greater

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9
Q

How does an x-ray work?

A

An X-ray is produced when a negatively charged electrode is heated by electricity and electrons are released, thereby producing energy. That energy is directed toward a metal plate, or anode, at high velocity and an X-ray is produced when the energy collides with the atoms in the metal plate.

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10
Q

What are the pros of plain film x-rays?

A
  • Low cost
  • Reliable
  • Relatively good quality
  • Ease of use
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11
Q

“A dynamic or continuous radiograph.”

A

Fluoroscopy

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12
Q

What is a pro of fluoroscopy?

A

Allows for real-time imaging and viewing for later.

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13
Q

“The combination of physical qualities of an object that determines how much radiation it absorbs from the x-ray beam.”

A

Radiodensity

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14
Q

What is the difference between radiopaque and radiolucent?

A
  • Radiopaque = Harder to penetrate with x-rays (WHITE)

- Radiolucent = Easier to penetrate with x-rays (BLACK)

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15
Q

4 Shades of Gray + Metal

Order the following structures from least to most radiodensity (and their color):

  • Water
  • Bone
  • Air
  • Fat
A
  • Air (least) = Black
  • Fat = Gray-Black
  • Water = Gray
  • Bone = White
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16
Q

What are an additional 2 materials that will show up as white on imaging?

A
  • Contrast media (bright white)

- Heavy metals (solid white)

17
Q

How does thickness affect radiographs?

A
  • Hollow = Denser and lighter on outsides.

- Thick = Denser and lighter on middle.

18
Q

How do we determine patient positioning in regards to oblique images?

A

Which shoulder and anterior or posterior portion touching image receptor.
-Right anterior arm touching image receptor = Right Anterior Oblique

19
Q

What is the decubitus position?

A

Body positioned on horizontal surface with horizontal beam.

20
Q

Position to see Intervertebral Foramen at C, T, and L-spine?

A

C-Spine
-Oblique 45 degrees

T-Spine
-Lateral

L-Spine
-Lateral

21
Q

Position to see Z-Joint at C, T, and L-spine?

A

C-Spine
-Lateral

T-Spine
-Oblique 70 degrees

L-Spine
-Oblique 45 degrees

22
Q

Projections

  • Minimum of ___ views at right angles.
  • Commonly what 2 views of long bones?
  • What also needs to be imaged with long bones?
A
  • 2 views
  • AP and lateral view
  • joint above/below
23
Q

What are each of the following:

  • Density
  • Contrast
  • Detail
  • Distortion
A
  • Density = Degree of blackening.
  • Contrast = Affects anatomical detail (high vs low)
  • Detail = Sharpness and accuracy of structural lines.
  • Distortion = Difference between actual and recorded image. (elongated/shortened)
24
Q

What is an arthrography?

A
  • Injection of contrast within the joint space.
  • Distends capsule.
  • Outlines internal surfaces.
  • Commonly used with CT, MR, and fluoroscopy.
25
Q

What is a myelography?

A
  • Pertaining to spinal cord, dura mater, & nerve root.
  • Injected in cerebrospinal fluid (subarachnoid space).
  • Column of radiopaque fluid.
  • May be administered with CT.
26
Q
  • What is a CT?
  • What is the best clinical application for CT?
  • What are the limitations of CT?
A
  • Series of X-ray images taken from different angles around your body to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues.
  • Fracture evaluation.
  • Detail cannot be enhanced, difficulty with positioning, exposure.
27
Q
  • What is Nuclear Imaging?
  • Is it used to target a specific body region or the whole body?
  • Is it used for static imaging or viewing over a period of time?
A
  • Produces images by detecting radiation from different parts of the body after a radioactive tracer material is administered. The images are recorded on computer and on film.
  • Either the whole body OR specific body region.
  • Can be used for either static imaging or over a period of time.
28
Q
  • What is MRI?

- What are some indications for MRI?

A
  • Radiofrequency waves within a magnetic field interacting with tissues. Relies on detection of reemitted radiofrequency waves that are absorbed.
  • Soft tissue trauma, internal joint derangement, tumors, stress Fx
29
Q
  • What is Ultrasonography?
  • What are some indications for Ultrasonography?
  • Is it used for bone and joint spaces?
A
  • Image comes from reflected sound waves, tissues differentiated by acoustic quality.
  • Muscle/tendon/ligament lesions, cysts, soft tissue tumor, blood flow, muscle function
  • Not usually
30
Q

Who is the imaging specialist and directs choice and sequence of studies?

A

Radiologist

31
Q

Imaging Considerations. (7)

A
  • Pathology-specific research properties
  • Tissue specific sensitivities
  • Structural clarity
  • Radiation exposure
  • Invasiveness
  • Risk
  • Cost

S8- Diagnostic Imaging (21 decks)

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