W4: Type A adverse drug reaction

Question 1

Type A adverse drug reaction is related to the ________.

Answer 1

Dose

Question 2

Type A ADR can be explained by _______and _______ variation

Answer 2

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics varations

Question 3

An expired drug is part of the cause for Type A ADR. True or False?

Answer 3

TRUE, because it is part of a pharmaceutical variation

Question 4

Jenny got liver inflammation, how does this affect her in terms of ADR?

Answer 4

Having any hepatic, renal, cardiac and thyroid disease would affect the individual’s ability to metabolize and eliminate the drug

Question 5

Pharmacogenetic variation can be used to explain pharmacokinetic variation. Why? How does this work?

Answer 5

Pharmacogenetic variation simply is the polymorphism that exist in different individuals. They encode for enzymes in different isoforms that lead to different rate of metabolism.

e.g. people with poor metabolism would metabolize the drug slowly, which can cause accumulation of drug in the system, leading to toxicity

Question 6

Drug ________ is part of both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variation.

Answer 6

Drug interaction is part of pharmacokinetics variation.

e. g. Drug A might influence the elimination of drug B, which can cause drug B to accumulate.
e. g. potentiating effects might increase the effect of a drug, causing ADR.

Question 7

Jenny has congestive heart failure and is currently medicated with cardiac glycoside. How will cardiac glycoside cause ADR?

Answer 7

She might have altered fluid and electrolyte balance (hypokalemia and hypercalcemia) due to cardiac glycoside. These are pharmacodynamic variations

Question 8

How does alteration to sensitivity work in terms of pharmacodynamics variation?

Answer 8

Alteration of sensitivity can either be downregulation or upregulation of cellular targets/receptors