W4 Ethics and Integrity, social Loafing and Prosociality, Burnout and PTSD

Question 1

The four ‘bioethical’ principles - for anything considered sentient

Answer 1

1. Respect for autonomy - respect for have free will
2. Beneficence - doing it for good
3. non-maleficence - avoid causing harm
4. Justice - do the benefits outweigh the costs

Question 2

Respect for autonomy

Answer 2

respect for have free will

Question 3

Beneficence

Answer 3

doing it for good

Question 4

non-maleficence

Answer 4

avoid causing harm

Question 5

Justice

Answer 5

do the benefits outweigh the costs

Question 6

Ringelmann (1913) - Inhibition of group performance, tug of war experiment

Answer 6

Result: force exerted per person decreased as function of group size – the Ringelmann effect

Three test groups
- Base line group - individual pull
- Real group - all pulling as much as they can - did the worst the more people were added
- Pseudo group - only one person is doing any real pulling

Social loafing (bystander effect)
- Occurs constituently across cultures and situations.

Question 7

Latane and Rodin - waiting room experiment with injury

Answer 7

Groups:
- On their own - 70% helped
- With a friend - 40% - 70% helped
- With confederate strangers - 7% helped

Question 8

Latane and Darley - waiting room experiment with smoke

Answer 8

Groups:
- alone - 75% took positive action
- with two strangers - 38% took positive action
- with confederates - 10% took positive action

Conclusion: the presence of others inhibits people’s response in an emergency – the more people, the slower the response

Question 9

Factors contributing to this ‘bystander effect

Answer 9

Diffusion of Responsibility – Similar to social loafing – the presence of others provides an
opportunity to transfer the responsibility to act onto someone else. The more someone-else’s there are, the greater the diffusion.

Audience inhibition– The presence of others makes people self-conscious of an intended
action (sometimes referred to as ‘fear of social blunders’)

Social Influence – Other onlookers serve as models for action. If others seem unworried then
one may assume the situation to be less serious than if others were clearly concerned.

Strangers vs friends – if other onlookers are strangers then helping is inhibited (communication is slower)

Question 10

A cognitive model of helping

Answer 10

Attend to what’s happening + Define event as emergency + Assume responsibility + Decide what to do = give help

Question 11

Symptoms of Burnout

Answer 11

Emotional Exhaustion
Depersonalization
Reduced Personal Accomplishment

Question 12

Causes of Burnout

Answer 12

1. Workload…
2. Perceived lack of control
3. Reward
4. Community
5. Fairness
6. Values mismatch

Question 13

Causes of PTSD

Answer 13

Exposed to “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.”

Question 14

Treatment for PTSD

Answer 14

• Medications (antidepressants, anti-anxiolytics)
  Talk therapies (prolonged exposure, trauma-focussed CBT, EMDR)

Question 15

ethics principles

Answer 15

1. informed consent
2. privacy
3. risks and benefits
4. deception
5. debrifing