W4 Ethics and Integrity, social Loafing and Prosociality, Burnout and PTSD Flashcards
The four ‘bioethical’ principles - for anything considered sentient
- Respect for autonomy - respect for have free will
- Beneficence - doing it for good
- non-maleficence - avoid causing harm
- Justice - do the benefits outweigh the costs
Respect for autonomy
respect for have free will
Beneficence
doing it for good
non-maleficence
avoid causing harm
Justice
do the benefits outweigh the costs
Ringelmann (1913) - Inhibition of group performance, tug of war experiment
Result: force exerted per person decreased as function of group size – the Ringelmann effect
Three test groups
- Base line group - individual pull
- Real group - all pulling as much as they can - did the worst the more people were added
- Pseudo group - only one person is doing any real pulling
Social loafing (bystander effect)
- Occurs constituently across cultures and situations.
Latane and Rodin - waiting room experiment with injury
Groups:
- On their own - 70% helped
- With a friend - 40% - 70% helped
- With confederate strangers - 7% helped
Latane and Darley - waiting room experiment with smoke
Groups:
- alone - 75% took positive action
- with two strangers - 38% took positive action
- with confederates - 10% took positive action
Conclusion: the presence of others inhibits people’s response in an emergency – the more people, the slower the response
Factors contributing to this ‘bystander effect
Diffusion of Responsibility – Similar to social loafing – the presence of others provides an
opportunity to transfer the responsibility to act onto someone else. The more someone-else’s there are, the greater the diffusion.
Audience inhibition– The presence of others makes people self-conscious of an intended
action (sometimes referred to as ‘fear of social blunders’)
Social Influence – Other onlookers serve as models for action. If others seem unworried then
one may assume the situation to be less serious than if others were clearly concerned.
Strangers vs friends – if other onlookers are strangers then helping is inhibited (communication is slower)
A cognitive model of helping
Attend to what’s happening + Define event as emergency + Assume responsibility + Decide what to do = give help
Symptoms of Burnout
Emotional Exhaustion
Depersonalization
Reduced Personal Accomplishment
Causes of Burnout
- Workload…
- Perceived lack of control
- Reward
- Community
- Fairness
- Values mismatch
Causes of PTSD
Exposed to “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.”
Treatment for PTSD
- Medications (antidepressants, anti-anxiolytics)
Talk therapies (prolonged exposure, trauma-focussed CBT, EMDR)
ethics principles
- informed consent
- privacy
- risks and benefits
- deception
- debrifing