W3 Culture and cross-cultural research, Obedience, Cognitive Dissonance

Question 1

Emic

Answer 1

approaches within a cultural context - understand how a cultural looks at something within them selves

Question 2

Etic

Answer 2

approaches that look at a psych question, informed by cross-cultural perspectives. - comparing how different cultures view things

Question 3

‘Universal’ Biases
Corresponding bias

Answer 3

attributing other’s behaviour to internal dispositions rather than situational constraints

Question 4

‘Universal’ Biases
Self-Serving Bias

Answer 4

attributing our own positive outcomes to internal,
stable ‘causes’, and negative outcomes to external, unstable factors

Question 5

Philip Zimbardo - Stanford prison experiment

Answer 5

What was being studied:
* Depersonalisation (switch to group-level self-categorization)
* Deindividuation (loss of self-awareness in groups)

-study ended early 6 days in

Question 6

Bob Altemeyer -The Right-Wing Authoritarian

Answer 6

Core traits:

Authoritarian Submission
Authoritarian Aggression
Conventionalism

Question 7

Authoritarian Submission

Answer 7

People should do as they’re told by legitimate authorities

Question 8

Authoritarian Aggression

Answer 8

If people don’t do as they’re told, they should be punished

Question 9

Conventionalism

Answer 9

Have a preference for tradition in social relationships

Question 10

What is Cognitive Dissonance?

Answer 10

the feeling of uncomfortable tension which comes from holding two conflicting thoughts in the mind at the same time

Question 11

Cognitive Dissonance - Dissonance increases with

Answer 11

• The importance of the subject.
• Strength of the conflict between dissonant thoughts.
• Our inability to rationalize and explain away the conflict.

Question 12

Cognitive Dissonance - Tension may be released by

Answer 12

• Changing behaviour.
• Justifying behaviour by changing the conflicting cognition.
• Justifying behaviour by adding new cognitions.

Question 13

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 13

r

Question 14

Degrees of freedom

Answer 14

df = n-2

Question 15

writing the equations

Answer 15

p < .001 if p is reported on the output as .000
r and p are in italics
- r and p do not have a 0 in front of the decimal place
- p is reported to 3 decimal places
- r value is reported to 2 decimal places
Your tutor will help you to fill in the correlation below:
r ( ) = _______, p ______

Question 16

steps to take to detemine the significane of our findings

Answer 16

1. This relationship is either significant or non-significant. P< 0.05 = significance
   
   2. If it is significant, explain the nature of the correlation (is positive or negative?)
      and what this suggests.
   3. Negative means as A variable increases B variable decreases
   4. Positive means as A increases B also increase
   5. Does this support what we predicted or it different?

Question 17

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

Answer 17

Masculinity and Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)
Power Distance
Individualist and Collectivism
Long Term (LT) and Short Term (ST)

Question 18

Power Distance Index (PDI)

Answer 18

he extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

High PDI: Societies with high power distance accept hierarchical order and authority without much question (e.g., Malaysia, Mexico).

Low PDI: Societies with low power distance strive for equality and question authority (e.g., Denmark, Sweden).

Question 19

Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV)

Answer 19

The degree to which individuals are integrated into groups.

Individualism: In individualistic societies, people are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate family only (e.g., United States, Australia).

Collectivism: In collectivist societies, individuals are part of strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families that protect them in exchange for loyalty (e.g., China, Colombia).

Question 20

Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS)

Answer 20

The distribution of roles between genders and the value placed on traditionally masculine or feminine qualities.

Masculinity: Societies with high masculinity value competitiveness, assertiveness, material success, and achievement (e.g., Japan, Germany).

Femininity: Societies with high femininity value relationships, caring for others, quality of life, and work-life balance (e.g., Norway, Netherlands).

Question 21

Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)

Answer 21

The extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions to try to avoid these.

High UAI: Societies with high uncertainty avoidance maintain rigid codes of belief and behavior and are intolerant of unorthodox behavior and ideas (e.g., Greece, Portugal).

Low UAI: Societies with low uncertainty avoidance are more relaxed and open to change and innovation (e.g., Singapore, Denmark).

Question 22

Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation (LTO)

Answer 22

The degree to which a culture emphasizes long-term planning, perseverance, and thrift versus short-term traditions and social obligations.

Long-Term Orientation: Cultures with a long-term orientation are pragmatic, modest, and more focused on future rewards (e.g., China, South Korea).

Short-Term Orientation: Cultures with a short-term orientation are more concerned with immediate results, maintaining personal stability, and respecting tradition (e.g., United States, Russia).

Question 23

confounding variable

Answer 23

causes syematic moevment in the varibels

Question 24

experiemntal bias

Answer 24

the possibility of skewed results due to reserachers expectations

Question 25

single-blind study

Answer 25

one group of participants does not know if they are the controle group or not

Question 26

double-blind study

Answer 26

both participants and reseracher dont know if they are the controle group or not