W32 Overview of musculoskeletal physiology and pathology Flashcards
Musculoskeletal system (Overview)
What are the key functions? (4)
What are they pathologies? (4)
Human (Adult) bodies have 206 bones and more than 600 muscles, connected by ligaments, tendons and soft tissues
▪ Provide structural framework
▪ Support body’s weight
▪ Maintain posture (stand, sit and others)
▪ Enable movement (walk, run and others)
Pathologies (pain, limit movement and others)
* Aging
* Injuries
* Congenital anomalies (birth defects)
* Diseases
Features of bones?
- Varying size and shape to provide skeleton
- Hard outside shells surrounding a spongy inside
- Protect organs and tissues
- Store Calcium, Phosphates and Fat
- Produce Blood cells (Bone marrow)
Features of joints?
Bones come together to form joints.
Some joints have a large range of motion, such as the ball-and-socket shoulder joint.
Other joints, like the knee, allow bones to move back and forth but not rotate.
What is cartilage?
3 types?
features?
▪ Cartilage: A type of connective tissue
▪ Hyaline(articular): slippery and smooth tissue (knee, spine)
▪ Elastic: flexible tissue (ear, nose and lungs)
▪ Meniscus (fibro) cartilage: thick fibre bands (knee joints)
▪ Firm, rubbery cartilage protects bones from rubbing against each other. (shock absorber)
▪ Cartilage lacks nerves, blood vessels, and a lymphatic system
▪ Cartilage cannot regenerate on its own because there is not enough blood flow to the tissue to stimulate cell regeneration.
▪ Medical intervention is necessary once the cartilage is damaged or lost
What are ligaments?
Made from?
- Made of tough collagen fibre
- connect bones
- help stabilize joints
What are Tendons?
- Made of fibrous tissues and collagen
- Connect muscles to bones.
- Tough but not very stretchy
What are muscles made of?
functions? (2)
- Skeletal muscles (30 to 40% of total body mass). e.g. shoulder muscles, hamstring muscles and abdominal muscles.
- Each muscle is made of thousands of stretchy fibres and mostly voluntary muscles.
- Moving the bones in different parts
- Protecting joints and holding them in place
How does movement work? (4)
- The innervations in the skeletal muscle (voluntary muscles) receives message to contract or relax.
- The muscle fibres contract/relax alters the tensile strength in the region
- The build up tensile pulls/pushes on the tendon
- The tendon then pulls/pushes the bone, making it move
MSS pathologies- musculoskeletal pain & movement problems
What issues do Aging cause?
(natural process) (3)
- Loss of bone density (osteoporosis and bone fractures)
- Loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), cartilage deterioration (pain, stiffness and limited motion)
- Delayed injury recovery
What issues do Arthritis cause?
(mostly in older but can affect all age)
- The cartilage in the joints breaks down
- Pain, inflammation and joint stiffness result from arthritis.
(including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and gout)
Causes of musculoskeletal pain and movement problems related to back pain and muscle spasms?
- Muscle strains or injuries like a herniated (slipped) disk (soft connective tissues between the bones in spine pushes out of place)
- Spinal stenosis (reduction in space between two spinal bones)
- Scoliosis (abnormal twisting and curvature of the spine), cause structural problems, lead to pain and limited mobility.
Injuries that affect the MSS?
Congenital abnormalities (birth defects) that affect the MSS?
Injuries (bones, connective tissues and muscles):
* Overuse, such as tendonitis.
* Sprains, muscle tears, broken bones and injuries to tendons, ligaments and
other soft tissues can result from accidents and trauma (e.g sports injuries)
Congenital abnormalities (birth defects):
* Clubfoot is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems babies are born with.
* It causes stiffness and reduced range of motion
What are some diseases that affect bones, connective tissues, and muscles, leading to musculoskeletal pain and movement problems?
- Osteonecrosis, cause bones to deteriorate and die.
-
Fibrous dysplasia (abnormal fibrous (scar-like) tissue replaces healthy bone)
and brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta), cause bones to fracture easily. - Various skeletal muscle myopathies including, muscular dystrophy (progressive degeneration of muscle fibres) and myasthenia gravis (impaired neuro-muscular communication), sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), rhabdomyolysis(breakdown of muscle tissue and others.
Cancer:
* Bone cancer and sarcoma (uncommon, affect less than 1% of population
What is Bone remodelling?
Bone remodelling is an active and dynamic process that relies on the correct balance
between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone deposition by osteoblasts.
Bone remodelling & calcium homeostasis:
How does bone remodeling contribute to calcium homeostasis?
Skeletal system: Storehouse for about 98% of the body calcium reserves
* Calcium moves into and out of the blood
* Bone breakdown/resorption: Osteoclasts release calcium into the blood
Bone formation: Osteoblasts remove calcium from the blood
Bone remodeling plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body. The skeletal system serves as a storehouse for approximately 98% of body calcium reserves. Calcium moves into and out of the bloodstream as needed. During bone breakdown or resorption, osteoclasts release calcium from the bone into the bloodstream, increasing blood calcium levels. Conversely, during bone formation, osteoblasts remove calcium from the bloodstream to deposit it into bone tissue, thereby decreasing blood calcium levels. This dynamic process helps regulate calcium levels in the blood and ensures calcium homeostasis within the body
