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M202 > Quiz > Flashcards

Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Which ONE of the following drugs exerts its effect in the viable epidermis?
a. Zinc oxide
b. Tacrolimus
c. Lidocaine
d. Permethrin
e. DEET

A

= B

Tacrolimus exerts its effect in the viable epidermis. DEET (insect repellant) and zinc oxide (sunblock) are skin surface treatments; permethrin (anti-infective) targets the stratum corneum, and lidocaine (local anaesthetic) targets the nerves in the dermis

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2
Q

Which ONE of the following animal skin models is generally thought to offer permeation characteristics most similar to human skin?
a. Snake skin
b. Guinea pig skin
c. Nude mouse skin
d. Pig ear skin
e. Hairless rat skin

A

= Pig ear skin is generally thought to be the best alternative to human skin. However, all of the other animal skin models listed have been used for permeation experiments

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3
Q

Which area of the Franz-type diffusion cell that corresponds to the donor compartment.

A

The donor compartment is the upper of the two halves of the Franz cell (the half that looks like a top hat). The formulation under test, e.g. cream, ointment, drug solution, is placed in the donor compartment.

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4
Q

What is the maximum formulation volume that could typically be administered via the intrathecal route in one dose?
a. 1-2 litres
b. 500ml
c. 10mL
d. 150mL
e. 0.5mL

A

Injection into the spinal canal
=C

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5
Q

The molecular structure below is of poly(sebacic acid-co-1,3-bis( p-carboxyphenoxy) propane) or P(CPP-SA). Increasing the proportion of the first monomer, i.e. CPP, will have what affect on the degradation rate of the polymer in an aqueous environment?

A

The degradation of the P(CPP-SA) polymer in an aqueous environment would be reduced. CPP is a hydrophobic monomer, so as this monomer is initially released it helps form a hydrophobic barrier around the remainder of the bulk polymer. This barrier slows further water ingress and therefore reduces the rate of degradation.

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6
Q

Which ONE of the following statements regarding “nose to brain” drug delivery is CORRECT?

  • The parietal lobe region of the brain can be targetted via the olfactory nerves.
  • The frontal cortex region of the brain can be targetted via the sciatic nerve.
  • The frontal cortex region of the brain can be targetted via the olfactory nerves.
  • The parietal lobe region of the brain can be targetted via the trigeminal nerve
A

The frontal cortex region of the brain can be targeted via the olfactory nerves.

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7
Q

Where is the epidural space found?

A

The epidural space is the area that surrounds the spinal cord, the intrathecal space and dura and arachnoid mater

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8
Q

Which ONE of the following is NOT a reason why protein and peptide drugs are rapidly cleared from the blood?
* Opsonisation
* Neutralising immunological response
* Proteolysis
* Breakdown by pepsin
* Renal excretion

A

=Breakdown by pepsin.
Pepsin is derived from pepsinogen in the stomach, so breakdown catalysed by this enzyme would not occur in the blood

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9
Q

Other Pepsin is derived from pepsinogen in the stomach, so breakdown catalysed by this enzyme would not occur in the bloodare being investigated as alternatives to PEG for the “hiding” of protein drugs. Which ONE of the following polymers would be LEAST appropriate as a PEG alternative?

Poly(thioglycidyl glycerol)
XTEN
Poly(oxazolines)
Poly(aspartamides)
Polytetrafluoroethane

A

=Polytetrafluoroethane

Polytetrafluoroethane (PTFE, Teflon) is a very non-polar polymer so it will not be water soluble, nor will it become hydrated and form a “halo” around the protein drug

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10
Q

Which ONE of the following drugs has not been marketed as a PEGylated formulation?

Filgrastim
Asparaginase
Interleukin-6
Interferon alpha
Rituximab

A

Rituximab
- is a monoclonal antibody but it has not been formulated as a PEGylated medicinal product.

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11
Q

A mucosal a___________ device (MAD) may be used in an emergency in (conjunction with a syringe) to administer a drug to mucosal surfaces, e.g. to the nasal cavity. What does the “a” stand for?

A

Atomisation

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12
Q

Secondary drying is a critical stage in the production of oral lyophilisates. At what temperature does secondary drying typically take place?

50 to 60 C
60 to 70 C
-10 to -30 C
Room temperature
Greater than 100 C

A

= 50 to 60°C

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13
Q

Which cosolvent is used in Paediatric Paracetamol Elixir BP?

Glycerol
Ethanol
Propylene glycol
Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400)
Glycofurol

A

Ethanol is the cosolvent used in Paediatric Paracetamol Elixir BP. Its use in paediatric formulations is not desirable due to its pharmacological activity (which may cause drowsiness in children) and also for cultural and religious reasons

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14
Q

Where is the region of the diagram that represents the boundary where sublimation could occur on the phase diagram of water?

A

The line at the start before it branches.
Where solid ice can turn into vapour

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15
Q

How is the penetration enhancer Azone believed to exert its effect?

  • By increasing the solubility of the drug (permeant) in the transdermal patch.
  • Interacting with keratin present in the corneocytes.
  • Increasing drug uptake in the dermis.
  • Insertion into the lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum
  • Opening up the hair follicles
A

D- Insertion into the lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum

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16
Q

What is the purpose of a loading dose in a transdermal therapeutic system (skin patch)?

A. To help ensure that therapeutic plasma levels of the drug are reached as quickly as possible.
B. To ensure that the patient has received a small dose of drug in case the patch falls off.
C, To saturate the subcutaneous tissue with drug as soon as possible.
D. To ensure that there is sufficient drug in the patch in case some of the dose degrades with time.
E. No real purpose - it’s a marketing gimmick

A

=A

17
Q

Which of the following denote the correct units for the flux of a drug?

cm s-1
mg / cm2 / h-1
mg / cm3 / h
mg / cm2 / h
None of the above.

A

=D

18
Q

Which region of the skin are the tips of the microneedles usually designed to reach?

A

Microneedles are designed to just puncture the stratum corneum and reach the depth of the viable epidermis. If the microneedles are any longer they will reach the dermis where the cutaneous (pain-sensing) nerves are located.

19
Q

The schematic diagram below represents which type of physical enhancement technique use in transdermal drug delivery?

A

Iontophoresis

20
Q

Microneedles used for transdermal drug delivery are LEAST likely to be made of which of the following materials?

Cadmium
Tungsten
Silicon
Glass

A

=Cadmium

21
Q

Which ONE of the following is essential in transdermal drug delivery facilitated by sonophoresis?
Drug containing anode
Drug containing cathode
Permeation enhancer
Coupling medium
HIgh voltage probes

A

= A Coupling medium (similar to what is used in the ultrasound imaging in pregnancies) is required to transfer the ultrasonic energy from the transducer to the skin

M202 (72 decks)

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