W30 Drugs in Sport (AM) Flashcards
Anti-doping agencies (for info)
What is the WADA?
- World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) established in 1999
- Promote, coordinate and monitor the fight
against drugs in sports - WADA produce a Code that approximately 700 sports organizations across the world have signed up to
- UK Anti-Doping (UKAD) is the UK’s National Anti-Doping Organisation
Are inhalers, alcohol or decongestants prohibited in sport?
How do we test for drugs? (2)
Blood sampling
Urine sampling
ocassionally hair sampling
What are we testing for? (drug testing)
Prohibited list:
S0- Non-approved substances
S- Anabolic agents
Why is this important to me? (for info)
- REG 4.5 Anti-Doping All BUCS participants are subject to the Anti-Doping rules of their sport’s National Governing Body, and as such are subject to testing.
- REG 4.5.1 Any individual who is serving an Anti-Doping Rule Violation will not be eligible to participate in any BUCS competitions.
- REG 4.5.2 Disqualification of results in competitions subsequent to sample collection or commission of an Anti-Doping rule violation In addition to the automatic disqualification of the results in the competition which produced the positive Sample, all other competitive results..
What is S0 on the prohibited list:
S0= Non-approved substances
“Any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the List and with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use (e.g. drugs under pre-clinical or clinical development or discontinued, designer drugs, substances approved only for veterinary use) is prohibited at all times.”
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5- prohibited list
What are these?
Substances in these classes are prohibited at all times – in and out of competition
S1- Anabolic agents
S2- Peptide hormones growth factors related substances and mimetics
S3- Beta-2 agonists
S4- Hormone and metabolic modulators
S5- Hormone and metabolic modulators
*There are exceptions – one is inhaled salbutamol: maximum 1600 micrograms over 24 hours in divided doses not to exceed 600 micrograms over 8 hours starting from any dose;
S5 - diuretics and masking agents
- “Masking agents” are used to falsify test results, i.e. they mask the presence of a drug
- The polysaccharide dextran has therapeutic
uses as a plasma expander - Prevent dehydration and can also mask use
of recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) by controlling the haematocrit
Testing for polymers
- More complex to test for and quantify polymers in the blood – can use mass spectrometry or size exclusion chromatography
- Size exclusion chromatography is also known as gel permeation chromatography
(separation by molecular weight)
Mobile phase= direction of flow
Larger MW polymer pass around outside of gel beads
Smaller MW polymers enter pores of gel beads
M1, M2, M3- category?
These classes refer to “methods” which are prohibited at all times – in and out of competition
“The Administration or reintroduction of any
quantity of autologous, allogenic
(homologous) or heterologous blood, or red
blood cell products of any origin into the
circulatory system.”
Gene and cell doping is yet to become a reality but has been included to future-proof the Prohibited List
M1- Manipulation of blood and blood components
M2- Chemical and physical manipulation
M3- Gene and Cell doping
S6, S7, S8, S9?- classes described as?
These classes refer to substances which are prohibited in competition
“Pseudoephedrine: Prohibited when its
concentration in urine is greater than 150
micrograms per millilitre
In-competition: “the period commencing 11.59pm on the day before a competition… through to the end of such competition and the sample-collection process related to such competition” (WADA)
Stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids, glucocorticoids
P1
This class refers to substances prohibited in particular sports
– it consists entirely of beta-blockers
-controls body tremors
Prohibited in:
* Archery
* Automobile
* Billiards (all disciplines)
* Darts
* Golf
* Mini-Golf
* Shooting
* Skiing / snowboarding – some disciplines
* Underwater sports – some disciplines
What if a prohibited substance is required?
- Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) can be applied for which permits an athlete to use such a substance or method
- Do alternative permitted medications exist that are suitable to treat the condition?
- Athlete submits the TUE with the support of their doctor
- Reviewed by a panel of experts and granted if:
−Athlete’s health significantly impaired if medicine not taken
−Substance/ method does not enhance performance beyond normal state of health
−There are no suitable alternatives available
Testing requirements?
- Athletes can be tested in- or out of competition
- Can take place at competition venues, training grounds, the athlete’s home – anytime, any place
- Out of competition
−Athletes must submit information on their whereabouts on the ADAMS – the Anti-Doping Administration Management System
− Must state where living, training, staying overnight and a 60-minute slot each day when available for testing
− No advance warning provided - In competition
−Top placements
DSD and transgender athletes:
What is the term DSD?
- Complex issue for multiple reasons, e.g. physiological, societal, ethical, and our scientific knowledge is still developing
- DSD = “differences in sex development” – rare conditions which are typically genetic and/or hormonal in nature
- Regulations can differ between sports but typically along these lines:
- Oestrogen used to lower testosterone (+/- spironolactone [TUE])
DSD athletes:
* Must be recognised by law (e.g. birth certificate/passport) either as female or as intersex
* Must have continuously maintained serum
testosterone concentration <2.5 nmol/L for >24
months
* Must continue to always maintain testosterone below 2.5 nmol/L
Transgender female athletes:
* Must not have experienced any part of male
puberty either beyond Tanner Stage 2 or after age 12 (whichever comes first)
* Since puberty testosterone in serum must have been continuously maintained below 2.5nmol/L
* Must continue to always maintain testosterone below 2.5 nmol/L
