W26: Grahams objectives

Question 1

What two processes are linked by metabolism?

Answer 1

Catabolism & anabolism

Question 2

What does catabolism refer to?

Answer 2

The breakdown of biomolecules (including food)

Question 3

What does anabolism refer to?

Answer 3

The synthesis of biomolecules (including protein)

Question 4

What are the two main “energy carrying” intermediates in metabolism

Answer 4

ATP & NADH

Question 5

ATP vs NADH. Which is the low-energy intermediate?

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

ATP vs NADH. Which is the high-energy intermediate?

Answer 6

NADH

Question 7

How many kJ/mol is ATP?

Answer 7

30.5

Question 8

How many kJ/mol is NADH?

Answer 8

220

Question 9

How many ATPs are produced in anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

How many ATPs are produced in aerobic metabolism?

Answer 10

32

Question 11

In what form is the fasting reserve of glucose stored?

Answer 11

Glycogen

Question 12

What are the two main families of sugars?

Answer 12

Aldose and ketose

Question 13

What are some examples of aldose sugars (2)

Answer 13

Glucose

Galactose

Question 14

What’s an example of a ketose sugar?

Answer 14

Fructose

Question 15

What proteins are the transporter of sugar into cells?

Answer 15

GLUTs

Question 16

How many members of the GLUT family are there?

Answer 16

12

Question 17

Which GLUT is universal?

Answer 17

GLUT1

Question 18

Which GLUT is found on cells of the liver and pancreas?

Answer 18

GLUT2

Question 19

Which GLUT is found on myocytes and adipocytes?

Answer 19

GLUT4

Question 20

Which GLUT’s translocation is dependent on insulin?

Answer 20

GLUT4

Question 21

Problems with which GLUT plays a major role in diabetic hyperglycaemia?

Answer 21

GLUT4

Question 22

What byproduct comes from anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 22

Lactate

Question 23

Which cells are obliged to perform anaerobic metabolism and why?

Answer 23

RBCs as they have no mitochondria

Question 24

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 24

The generation of glucose from glycerol or AAs

Question 25

Can fat be used for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

What sugar in processed food is correlated with increased obesity?

Answer 26

Fructose! ;)

Question 27

How many mitochondria does a healthy cell have?

Answer 27

200-10,000

Question 28

How many mitochondria do liver cells have?

Answer 28

~1,000

Question 29

Define syncytium

Answer 29

A multinucleated cell formed by the fusion of many cells

Question 30

What's are some examples of syncytium?

Answer 30

Skeletal muscle | Giant cells

Question 31

What's the evolutionary background of mitochondria?

Answer 31

They're endosymbiotic bacteria

Question 32

How long ago was mitochondrial bacteria incorporated into eukaryotes?

Answer 32

2 billion years

Question 33

What processes take place in the mitochondria?

Answer 33

Acetyl Coa production Ketone body synthesis TCA Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 34

Mitochondria can make Acetyl CoA from which substrates? (2)

Answer 34

Pyruvate | Fatty acid oxidation

Question 35

The TCA cycle is aka?

Answer 35

Krebs cycle

Question 36

What are ketone bodies synthesised from?

Answer 36

Acetyl CoA via HMG-CoA

Question 37

Which cells lack mitochondria?

Answer 37

RBCs and the retina

Question 38

What happens when electrons leak from the electron transport chain?

Answer 38

They create ROSs

Question 39

What process can explain many of the infirmities of age?

Answer 39

ROS damage - including loss of mitochondria

Question 40

What causes mitochondrial diseases?

Answer 40

Mutations in mitochondria or nuclear DNA

Question 41

What's the pathological appearance of many mitochondrial diseases?

Answer 41

Ragged red fibres

Question 42

Infection Inherited abnormalities & ______ are major causes of disease?

Answer 42

Faulty nutrition (over & under)

Question 43

What is macronutrition?

Answer 43

The study of obtaining energy to fuel normal activity

Question 44

How many Joules does the typical adult need per day?

Answer 44

10MJ

Question 45

In what form is the 10MJ of energy lost?

Answer 45

Heat

Question 46

What is BMR?

Answer 46

The minimum energy required to sustain life

Question 47

Can BMR be measured?

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

Exercise is usually less than __% of energy expenditure?

Answer 48

40%

Question 49

What anatomical structures do humans have that define us as omnivores?

Answer 49

Dental | Gut

Question 50

Archeological evidence shows healthy homonid skeletons from the hunter-gatherers of 30,000 years ago - what does Graham think this indicates?

Answer 50

That "caveman" diets may be our evolutionary optimum

Question 51

Do different populations have different dietary needs?

Answer 51

Sort of - lactose intolerance is an example

Question 52

What's out cheapest and most abundant fuel?

Answer 52

CHOs

Question 53

What diseases does fibre protect us from (2)

Answer 53

Diverticulosis | Haemorrhoids

Question 54

What disease is fibre unlikely to protect us from (despite common belief?)

Answer 54

Cancer

Question 55

Why are low GI diets recommended?

Answer 55

They avoid high glucose levels that can encourage insulin resistance

Question 56

We need to eat protein for which two reasons?

Answer 56

For energy | For biosynthesis of all structural components and enzymes for metabolism

Question 57

What molecule has the most complex digestive process?

Answer 57

Protein

Question 58

What are the (basic) steps of protein digestion?

Answer 58

Denature Render to AAs Transport AAs via gut transporters

Question 59

What are the branched chain AAs?

Answer 59

Valine Leucine Isoleucine

Question 60

Which AA's transaminate in muscles?

Answer 60

The branched chain ones

Question 61

Is there any evidence that branched-chain AAs improve sports performance?

Answer 61

No

Question 62

How many grams of protein do we make & breakdown daily?

Answer 62

300

Question 63

What proportion of the protein we break down gets recycled?

Answer 63

200g

Question 64

What is the major waste product that removed excess nitrogen?

Answer 64

Urea

Question 65

Is there renal ammonia clearance?

Answer 65

Yes - some

Question 66

Are proteins stored for fuel?

Answer 66

No

Question 67

Can protein be used for fuel?

Answer 67

Yes

Question 68

What are the products of protein breakdown? (2)

Answer 68

Glucose and ketone bodies

Question 69

Define vitamin

Answer 69

An organic compound, not made by the body but with essential biochemical functions

Question 70

Which are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 70

A, D, E, K

Question 71

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 71

``` Thiamin - B1 Riboflavin - B2 Niacin - B3 Pyridoxine - B6 Pantothenic acid Biotin Folate Cobalamin (B12) Ascorbic acid (vit C) ```

Question 72

In what situations should we consider vitamin deficiencies?

Answer 72

Unusual diets Periods of growth Disease Developing countries

Question 73

What are the major minerals required by the body? (6)

Answer 73

``` Sodium Potassium Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sulphate ```

Question 74

What are the trace minerals required by the body? (7)

Answer 74

``` Iron Zinc Copper Manganese Fluoride Chromium Molybdenum ```

Question 75

What things affect the trace mineral content of foods

Answer 75

Soil & water composition

Question 76

What's the most common result of mineral deficiency in children?

Answer 76

Failure to grow & thrive

Question 77

How is BMI calculated?

Answer 77

kg/m^2

Question 78

What BMI is considered underweight?

Answer 78

<18.5

Question 79

What BMI is considered normal weight?

Answer 79

18.5-25

Question 80

What BMI is considered overweight?

Answer 80

25-30