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Metabolism > W26: Grahams objectives > Flashcards

W26: Grahams objectives Flashcards

1
Q

What two processes are linked by metabolism?

A

Catabolism & anabolism

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2
Q

What does catabolism refer to?

A

The breakdown of biomolecules (including food)

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3
Q

What does anabolism refer to?

A

The synthesis of biomolecules (including protein)

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4
Q

What are the two main “energy carrying” intermediates in metabolism

A

ATP & NADH

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5
Q

ATP vs NADH. Which is the low-energy intermediate?

A

ATP

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6
Q

ATP vs NADH. Which is the high-energy intermediate?

A

NADH

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7
Q

How many kJ/mol is ATP?

A

30.5

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8
Q

How many kJ/mol is NADH?

A

220

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9
Q

How many ATPs are produced in anaerobic metabolism?

A

2

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10
Q

How many ATPs are produced in aerobic metabolism?

A

32

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11
Q

In what form is the fasting reserve of glucose stored?

A

Glycogen

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12
Q

What are the two main families of sugars?

A

Aldose and ketose

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13
Q

What are some examples of aldose sugars (2)

A

Glucose

Galactose

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14
Q

What’s an example of a ketose sugar?

A

Fructose

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15
Q

What proteins are the transporter of sugar into cells?

A

GLUTs

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16
Q

How many members of the GLUT family are there?

A

12

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17
Q

Which GLUT is universal?

A

GLUT1

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18
Q

Which GLUT is found on cells of the liver and pancreas?

A

GLUT2

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19
Q

Which GLUT is found on myocytes and adipocytes?

A

GLUT4

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20
Q

Which GLUT’s translocation is dependent on insulin?

A

GLUT4

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21
Q

Problems with which GLUT plays a major role in diabetic hyperglycaemia?

A

GLUT4

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22
Q

What byproduct comes from anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Lactate

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23
Q

Which cells are obliged to perform anaerobic metabolism and why?

A

RBCs as they have no mitochondria

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24
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The generation of glucose from glycerol or AAs

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25
Q

Can fat be used for gluconeogenesis?

A

No

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26
Q

What sugar in processed food is correlated with increased obesity?

A

Fructose! ;)

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27
Q

How many mitochondria does a healthy cell have?

A

200-10,000

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28
Q

How many mitochondria do liver cells have?

A

~1,000

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29
Q

Define syncytium

A

A multinucleated cell formed by the fusion of many cells

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30
Q

What’s are some examples of syncytium?

A

Skeletal muscle

Giant cells

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31
Q

What’s the evolutionary background of mitochondria?

A

They’re endosymbiotic bacteria

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32
Q

How long ago was mitochondrial bacteria incorporated into eukaryotes?

A

2 billion years

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33
Q

What processes take place in the mitochondria?

A

Acetyl Coa production
Ketone body synthesis
TCA
Oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

Mitochondria can make Acetyl CoA from which substrates? (2)

A

Pyruvate

Fatty acid oxidation

35
Q

The TCA cycle is aka?

A

Krebs cycle

36
Q

What are ketone bodies synthesised from?

A

Acetyl CoA via HMG-CoA

37
Q

Which cells lack mitochondria?

A

RBCs and the retina

38
Q

What happens when electrons leak from the electron transport chain?

A

They create ROSs

39
Q

What process can explain many of the infirmities of age?

A

ROS damage - including loss of mitochondria

40
Q

What causes mitochondrial diseases?

A

Mutations in mitochondria or nuclear DNA

41
Q

What’s the pathological appearance of many mitochondrial diseases?

A

Ragged red fibres

42
Q

Infection
Inherited abnormalities
& ______ are major causes of disease?

A

Faulty nutrition (over & under)

43
Q

What is macronutrition?

A

The study of obtaining energy to fuel normal activity

44
Q

How many Joules does the typical adult need per day?

A

10MJ

45
Q

In what form is the 10MJ of energy lost?

A

Heat

46
Q

What is BMR?

A

The minimum energy required to sustain life

47
Q

Can BMR be measured?

A

Yes

48
Q

Exercise is usually less than __% of energy expenditure?

A

40%

49
Q

What anatomical structures do humans have that define us as omnivores?

A

Dental

Gut

50
Q

Archeological evidence shows healthy homonid skeletons from the hunter-gatherers of 30,000 years ago - what does Graham think this indicates?

A

That “caveman” diets may be our evolutionary optimum

51
Q

Do different populations have different dietary needs?

A

Sort of - lactose intolerance is an example

52
Q

What’s out cheapest and most abundant fuel?

A

CHOs

53
Q

What diseases does fibre protect us from (2)

A

Diverticulosis

Haemorrhoids

54
Q

What disease is fibre unlikely to protect us from (despite common belief?)

A

Cancer

55
Q

Why are low GI diets recommended?

A

They avoid high glucose levels that can encourage insulin resistance

56
Q

We need to eat protein for which two reasons?

A

For energy

For biosynthesis of all structural components and enzymes for metabolism

57
Q

What molecule has the most complex digestive process?

A

Protein

58
Q

What are the (basic) steps of protein digestion?

A

Denature
Render to AAs
Transport AAs via gut transporters

59
Q

What are the branched chain AAs?

A

Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine

60
Q

Which AA’s transaminate in muscles?

A

The branched chain ones

61
Q

Is there any evidence that branched-chain AAs improve sports performance?

A

No

62
Q

How many grams of protein do we make & breakdown daily?

A

300

63
Q

What proportion of the protein we break down gets recycled?

A

200g

64
Q

What is the major waste product that removed excess nitrogen?

A

Urea

65
Q

Is there renal ammonia clearance?

A

Yes - some

66
Q

Are proteins stored for fuel?

A

No

67
Q

Can protein be used for fuel?

A

Yes

68
Q

What are the products of protein breakdown? (2)

A

Glucose and ketone bodies

69
Q

Define vitamin

A

An organic compound, not made by the body but with essential biochemical functions

70
Q

Which are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

71
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A 
Thiamin - B1
Riboflavin - B2
Niacin - B3
Pyridoxine - B6
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Folate
Cobalamin (B12)
Ascorbic acid (vit C)
72
Q

In what situations should we consider vitamin deficiencies?

A

Unusual diets
Periods of growth
Disease
Developing countries

73
Q

What are the major minerals required by the body? (6)

A 
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sulphate
74
Q

What are the trace minerals required by the body? (7)

A 
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Fluoride
Chromium
Molybdenum
75
Q

What things affect the trace mineral content of foods

A

Soil & water composition

76
Q

What’s the most common result of mineral deficiency in children?

A

Failure to grow & thrive

77
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

kg/m^2

78
Q

What BMI is considered underweight?

A

<18.5

79
Q

What BMI is considered normal weight?

A

18.5-25

80
Q

What BMI is considered overweight?

A

25-30

Metabolism (7 decks)

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