W2 Dosage Forms Flashcards
What are the 3 types of solid oral dosage forms?
Tablets (and caplets):
Capsules
Powders & Granules
What are tablets/caplets?
-which part of the body do they disintegrate?
– Very widely used dosage form formed from compacted powders or granules
– Tablet must disintegrate in the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and the drug then enter solution
What are powders/granules?
– Typically mixed with water prior to taking
– “Bulk” or “single-dose”
What are capsules?
– Drug in loose powder form is held within a 2-piece hard-shelled gelatin (usually) capsule
– Capsule shell quickly dissolves in the stomach and
releases the drug
– Liquids / emulsions / pastes may be incorporated in 1-piece soft gelatin capsules
What are Solutions?
– Drug and other excipients are completely dissolved, i.e. as a molecular dispersion, in a liquid (solvent)
– Faster acting than an equivalent tablet formulation –disintegration and dissolution steps are absent.
What are Suspensions?
What keeps the particles dispersed?
– Drug and/or other excipients remain as solid particles dispersed in the “vehicle”
– Usually employ a suspending (thickening) agent to keep the particles dispersed
What are Emulsions?
Give some pharmaceutical examples:
– Dispersions of (at least) two immiscible or partially miscible liquids
– Medicinal oils, supplements, lipophilic drugs
What are the 3 types of liquid oral dosage forms?
- Solutions
- Suspensions
- Emulsions
What are examples of rectal and vaginal dosage forms? (5)
- Suppositories
- Enemas
- Foams
- Pessaries
- Vaginal creams and gels
What is a suppository?
What is it incorporated into?
– Drug is incorporated into a water-soluble/
dispersible base or a base which melts at body temperature
– Once inserted the drug will be released to
exert a local or (sometimes) systemic effect
What is an enema?
(&what state)
Liquid preparations formulated for rectal delivery
What is a foam?
– Two-phase system administered from a pressurised container
– Drug dissolved in the liquid phase
What are pessaries?
What dosage forms do they come in?
– Vaginal tablets, suppositories or capsules
What are examples of topical and transdermal dosage forms?
Creams
Ointments
Gels
Pastes/Foams/Lotions/Sprays
Transdermal therapeutic systems (patches)
What are creams?
Semi-solid emulsion preparations usually
applied topically to the skin, but
formulated for other delivery routes
– May contain a drug or sometimes the
cream “base” has a therapeutic effect
What is an ointment?
– Single-phase semi-solid base in which a drug can be dispersed
– Have excellent emollient properties
What is a gel?
– Single-phase semi-solid preparations, usually aqueous in nature
What are transdermal patches?
Applied to the skin but for a systemic effect
What is a parenteral dosage forms?
Drug that is administered via a hollow metal needle
What are examples of parenteral dosage forms?.
Injections and Infusions
What are injections?
Sterile liquid preparation drawn up and injected from
a vial, ampoule or pre-filled syringe
– Typically IV, IM or SC, but many other routes
– Can utilise a syringe driver (or pump)
What are infusions?
What are they a source of?
– For delivery of larger volumes IV
– Source of calories/ nutrients/ hydration but drugs can also be added
– Can be solutions or emulsions, e.g. Intralipid®
What are the different types of pulmonary drug delivery systems?
- Inhalers
- Nebulisers
- E-cigarettes
What are 2 types of different inhalers?
What effect?
- pMDIs (pressurised metered dose inhalers)
- Dry powder inhalers
Drugs are typically delivered for a local effect e.g. salbutamol, beclomethasone but can also be given for a system effect.
What are nebulisers?
– Convert liquids to aerosols (dispersion of a liquid or a solid in a gas)
– Useful for delivering larger doses of drug
What are some formulations of ocular dosage forms? (5)
What must be considered? (3)
Formulations: solutions, suspensions, gels, emulsions, injections
* Consider: osmolarity, pH, surface tension
What are some formulations of nasal dosage forms? (8)
What must be considered?
• Formulations: Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions (Dropper bottles, sprays); Gels, Creams, Ointments; Powders (pMDIs)
• Consider: irritancy, residence time
• Systemic and delivery to the brain are possibilities
What are sublingual/buccal dosage forms?
Small porous tablets enabling faster disintegration & drug release
* Sprays (sublingual)
* Orodispersible/ “melt”
tablets?
What are sublingual/buccal dosage forms?
What 2 forms?
Small porous tablets enabling faster disintegration & drug release
* Sprays (sublingual)
* Orodispersible/ “melt” tablets?
What are aural dosage forms?
Topical drug delivery: drops, gels, foams.
* Middle/ inner ear: often require other approaches,
e.g. implants/ injections
Give 4 examples of advanced dosage forms & technologies:
- Needle-free technology, e.g. jet injection systems and micro needles
- Implantable delivery systems
- Nanotechnology
- Cell-based therapies
What are the different routes of administration?
Oral
Transdermal and Topical
Nasal/Ocular/Aural
Parenteral
Pulmonary
Rectal/vaginal routes
Buccal/Sublingual etc…
