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Cell Biology > W2 cell organelles > Flashcards

W2 cell organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

what are all cells surrounded by

A

2 molecule thick plasma membrane

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2
Q

why are plasma membrane selectively permeable

A

allows maintenance of low entropy

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3
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of

A

integral and peripheral membrane proteins

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4
Q

what do plant and bacteria cells have that animals dont

A

cell wall for rigid support

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5
Q

what is the bacteria cells wall made of

A

peptidoglycans

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6
Q

what is the glycocalyx made of

A

capsule + slime layer

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7
Q

what is the glycocalyx

A

a gelatinous polysaccharide layer

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8
Q

how do you test cell walls in bacteria

A

using Gram’s stain

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9
Q

what colour does a gram positive stain give

A

blue/purple

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10
Q

what are organelles

A

tiny structures that perform specific functions embedded in cytoplasm

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11
Q

whats the role of the nucleolus

A
  • ribosome synthesis
  • contains ribosomes genes
  • rRNA stored here
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12
Q

what is the nucleus nuclear membrane

A

double layer membrane around nucelus for controlled movement

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13
Q

what must things have to enter the nucleus

A

nucleus localisation sequence (NLS)

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14
Q

what is euchromatin

A

loosely packed and transcribed

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15
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

densely packed and plays regulatory roles

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16
Q

how does the packing of DNA affect e- micrscrope

A
  • dense stop e- from passing
  • loose allows e- to pass
17
Q

what is a centriole

A
  • adjacent to nucleus
  • pair of microtubules
18
Q

whats the role of the centrioles

A
  • form centrosome
  • organise mitotic spindles
19
Q

what is a centromere

A

constricted region of chromosome

20
Q

why is mitochondria folded into cristae

A
  • contains the ETC
  • ATP synthase
  • increase SA for more ATP synthesis
21
Q

why does mitochondria have its own DNA

A
  • codes for 37 genes -> 13 in ETC
  • due to endosymbiotic theory
22
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria was originally prokaryotic cells and formed a symbiotic relationship w cells

23
Q

why is mitochondria only inherited from mum

A
  • only acrosome and nuclear DNA from sperm enters oocyte
24
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A
  • contain oxidative enzymes
  • aerobic catabolism of fuels
  • oxidative phosphorylation for ATP
25
Q

how does mitochondria create energy

A
  • carbon based fuels by oxidative phosphorylation
  • generate reactive oxygen species and free radicals
26
Q

what are ribosome subunits

A
  • made of 1 small and large subunit
  • each subunit is a complex of rRNA + proteins
27
Q

what are polysomes

A

many ribosomes translating the same mRNA

28
Q

what the functions of RER

A
  • protein synthesis
  • modify proteins
  • destroy mis folded proteins
29
Q

whats the function of golgi appartus

A

package things into vesicles

30
Q

where do molecules enter/leave golgi apparatus

A
  • enter from ER to cis face
  • leave from trans face of golgi
  • movement by vesicular trafficking
31
Q

what is vesicular trafficking

A
  • movement of vesicles
  • fusing vesicles with other membranes
32
Q

what are secretory pathways

A
  • exocytosis
  • secretory vesicles regulated by signals
33
Q

what are digestive organelles

A

endosome
lysosomes
peroxisomes

34
Q

what are the 3 types of endosomes

A

early
recycling
late

35
Q

what are endosomes

A

incoming vesicles formed by endocytosis

36
Q

what are lysosomes

A
  • contain digestive enzymes
  • break down old cells and viruses
  • fuse with late endosomes
37
Q

what are peroxisomes

A

catabolism of FAs + AA + polyamines for acetyl coA production

38
Q

acetyl coA production creates hydrogen peroxide how is this removed

A

by the enzyme catalyse

Cell Biology (3 decks)

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