W11 Cancer

Question 1

what are 4 cancer cell features

Answer 1

large nuclei
many dividing cells
variation in shape/size
disorganised arrangement

Question 2

what is the mechanism of cancer cell plasticity

Answer 2

-

Question 3

what do cancer cells need to become invasive

Answer 3

• break off from primary tumour -> change cell adhesion molecules + release proteases
• undergo EMT
• enter local endothelia’s
• can form a 2ndary tumour back to epithelial cells (MET)

Question 4

what is EMT

Answer 4

changes in cell shape and size from epithelial to mesenchymal

Question 5

what are cells called when they are proliferating

Answer 5

epithelial cells

Question 6

what is MET

Answer 6

changes in cell shape and size from mesenchymal to epithelial cells

Question 7

what is intravasion

Answer 7

mesenchymal cells trying to enter neighbouring tissue

Question 8

what are cancer cells able to bypass

Answer 8

normal proliferation controls

Question 9

what is anchorage independent growth

Answer 9

doesn’t require a matrix -> can grow in suspension

Question 10

what is density dependent inhibition

Answer 10

cell sense contact can stop growth

Question 11

what type of growth are cancer cells

Answer 11

anchorage independant

Question 12

what does cancer cell metabolism rely on

Answer 12

oxidative phosphorylation + aerobic glycolysis

Question 13

which stages of mitosis do cancer cells bypass

Answer 13

G1 to S phase restriction points

Question 14

what are cancer cells conditions that allow for dividing

Answer 14

abnormal stress responses

Question 15

what process is limited in cancer cells to allow them to live for longer

Answer 15

no apotosis

Question 16

what do cancer cells escape

Answer 16

replicative cell senescence

Question 17

why are cancer cells DNA able to last this long

Answer 17

telomeres don’t shortern

Question 18

which genes are expressed more during cancer cells

Answer 18

increased oncogenes

Question 19

what are the 6 most common cancers

Answer 19

lung
breast
colon
prostate
stomach
liver

Question 20

what is carcinomas

Answer 20

cancer from epithelial cells that cover body surfaces

Question 21

what is sarcomas

Answer 21

development of cancer from connective tissues like bones

Question 22

where does lymphomas/leukaemia’s begin

Answer 22

cells of lymphatic and blood origin

Question 23

what is blastomas

Answer 23

cancer from blasts of embryonic tissue

Question 24

what is osteosarcoma

Answer 24

cancer development in growing bones

Question 25

how is osteosarcoma stained

Answer 25

H and E

Question 26

what are symptoms of interest for lymphomas

Answer 26

enlarged lymph nodes + spleen

Question 27

what are the requirements of cancer spreading

Answer 27

- brake off primary tumour - invade local tissue - spread to rest of body via blood vessels or lymph channels

Question 28

what is angiogenesis

Answer 28

growth of blood vessels

Question 29

what is metastasis

Answer 29

entering of cancer cells into bloodstream

Question 30

what do tumour microenvironments do

Answer 30

influence cancer development

Question 31

what does the microenvironment contain

Answer 31

endothelial cells bone marrow cells macrophages monocytes mesenchymal stem cells

Question 32

how do tumour microenvironments promote cancer growth

Answer 32

- communication between tumour cells and stroma - stroma provides framework for tumour - during carcinoma cells secrete signal proteins for stromal cells - stomal cells will turn on tumour cells

Question 33

how is angiogenesis regulated

Answer 33

endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors

Question 34

what are the 2 main activators of angiogenesis

Answer 34

basic fibroblast GF (VEGF) vascular endothelial GF (FGF)

Question 35

what are the 3 main inhibitors of angiogenesis

Answer 35

angiostatin endostatin thrombospondin

Question 36

what does cell invasion rely on

Answer 36

cell adhesion changes increased motility protease production

Question 37

what happens to cancer cells when they undergo metastasis

Answer 37

intravascular growth and adhesion to organ membrane

Question 38

what are the 3 internal causes of cancer

Answer 38

oncogene activation TSG loss UV radiation

Question 39

what is lung cancer linked to

Answer 39

asbestos

Question 40

how does benzidine cause cancer

Answer 40

metabolise in liver can cause bladder cancer

Question 41

what do cancer cells do to DNA

Answer 41

crosslinks between 2 strands of double helix causing breaks in DNA strands

Question 42

what cancer does the HPV cause

Answer 42

cervical cancer

Question 43

which bacteria's cause liver cancer

Answer 43

hepatitis B/C

Question 44

what cancers can UV radiation cause

Answer 44

melanoma + carcinomas

Question 45

what is changed in oncogenes to cause cancer

Answer 45

change in the Ras protein

Question 46

how can oncogenes be activated

Answer 46

Point mutation Gene amplification Chromosomal translocation Local DNA rearrangements Insertional mutagenesis

Question 47

what can chromosomal translocation lead to

Answer 47

increased oncogene expression fusion proteins

Question 48

what is Burkitt's lymphoma caused by

Answer 48

chromosomal translocation affecting B lymphocytes

Question 49

what are 3 mutations that disrupt proto-oncogenes

Answer 49

insertions deletions inversions

Question 50

what is insertional mutagenesis

Answer 50

viral DNA integrated into host chromosome stimulate expression of proto-oncogenes for too much proteins

Question 51

what are proto-oncogenes

Answer 51

genes that control cell growth

Question 52

how many human oncogenes are there

Answer 52

224-246

Question 53

what are the 6 categories of oncogenes

Answer 53

growth factors receptors GTP-binding proteins non-receptor kinases transcription factors apoptosis/cell cycle regulators

Question 54

what do cell hybridization experiments do

Answer 54

supress malignancy by cell fusion

Question 55

what does the Rb gene do

Answer 55

regulates progression of G1/S phase

Question 56

where are Rb genes found

Answer 56

retinoblastomas

Question 57

which is the most commonly mutated TSG and its job

Answer 57

p53 -> responds to DNA damage to trigger apoptosis

Question 58

where are BRCA1/2 expressed

Answer 58

in breast

Question 59

what are the jobs of BRCA1/2

Answer 59

repair DDSB

Question 60

what are screening techs used for cancer

Answer 60

biopsy + pathology

Question 61

what are 3 treatments of cancer

Answer 61

surgery radio therapy chemo

Question 62

what do antimetabolites do as a chemo drug

Answer 62

inhibit DNA synthesis

Question 63

what do alkylating agents/antibiotics do as a chemo drug

Answer 63

inhibit DNA function

Question 64

what do plant derived drugs do as a chemo drug

Answer 64

block specific cell cycle progressions

Question 65

what is hyperthermia treatment

Answer 65

using high temps to kill cancer cells

Question 66

what is photodynamic therapy

Answer 66

treatment using photosensitizing agents

Question 67

what does herceptin do

Answer 67

binds and deactivates HER-2 GF

Question 68

how does inhibiting CTLA4 stop tumours

Answer 68

more activation of T cells to attack cancer cells

Question 69

what is ipilimumab (anti-CTL4) used on

Answer 69

metastatic melanoma

Question 70

where are PD-1 receptors expressed

Answer 70

cell surface of TILs

Question 71

what is the oncolytic virus for

Answer 71

immunotherapy -> thrive in cancer cells to break open tumour cells

Question 72

what does imatinib do

Answer 72

treats chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)

Question 73

what does the inhibition of BRAF and MEK do

Answer 73

activates MAPK pathway

Question 74

when is adjuvant therapy used

Answer 74

after primary treatments are used