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Cell Biology > W10 Stem Cells > Flashcards

W10 Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are stem cells

A

unspecialised cells

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2
Q

what do stem cells create as a middle step

A

intermediate cells

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3
Q

what is lineage in terms of stem cells

A

number of cell types arising from a stem cell

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4
Q

what is the potency of stem cells

A

possible routes for a stem cell

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5
Q

where are totipotent cells found

A

zygotes
blastocytes
placenta

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6
Q

where are pluri/multipotent cells found

A

embryonic stem cells

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7
Q

how are cell types selected for

A

turning on and off genes

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8
Q

how do radiation affect human cells

A

depleted blood and mutations

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9
Q

what is the job of pluripotent stem cells

A

create all cell types

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10
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells able to do

A

self renew

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11
Q

what are Morphogens

A

signalling proteins which make gradients

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12
Q

what are niche cells responsible for

A

creating microenvironments

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13
Q

what happens when niche cell finds a signal

A

external polarity causes localization of cell fate determinants will undergo intrinsic asymmetry

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of signals

A

autocrine
paracrine
systemic

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15
Q

what is a autocrine signal for

A

signals for cells self

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16
Q

what is a paracrine signal for

A

signals for neighbouring cells

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17
Q

what is a systemic signals for

A

signals for other tissue

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18
Q

what secretes signal molecules

A

ECM (extracellular matrix concentrates)

19
Q

what’s the job of the intestinal epithelium

A

regulates water and nutrient absorption

20
Q

how often does the intestinal epithelium renew

A

one of the fastest -> 3 to 5 days

21
Q

what are crypts in the intestinal epithelium for

A

contains intestinal stem cells and Paneth cells

22
Q

what type of receptors are found on intestinal crypts

A

G-protein receptors Lgr5

23
Q

what type of cell sheds into the lumen of intestines

A

differentiated cells

24
Q

how is apoptosis induced in cells

A

DNA damage signals
lack of growth stimuli

25
Q

what is flow cytometry and its steps

A
  • identification of adult stell cells
  • dissociate tissue of interest into single cells
  • label stem cell with fluorescent antibody
26
Q

in vitro how are isolated cells form

A

in spheres

27
Q

in vitro how do you determine stemness of mini gut cells

A
  • isolate crypt
  • embed in 3d matrix and use FACS
  • use EGF for growth and analysis
28
Q

what do Epidermal Growth Factor (EFG) do

A

Promotes cell proliferation

29
Q

how does a transplantation assay work in-vivo

A

irradiate tissue then add bone marrow cells from healthy donor

30
Q

how does cell lineage tracing work

A
  • add visible genetic mark in stem cell
  • mark can be activated by specific tissue
  • track using a turnover assay
31
Q

how does nuclear transfer work for reprogramming diffed cells

A
  • use oocytes or somatic cells
  • move nucleus into cytoplasm of large cell
  • changes in chromatin will occur
32
Q

how does cell fusion work for reprogramming diffed cells

A
  • cell mass of blastocyst can be used to create ESC (embryonic stem cells)
  • 2 cells are fused
  • observe how the genomes interact
33
Q

how does transcription factor induced work for reprogramming diffed cells

A
  • binding of a TF can cause growth of iPS cells
34
Q

how are iPS created

A

reprogramming from somatic cells

35
Q

why are iPS and ES useful for drugs

A

screening and human disease models

36
Q

describe nuclear reprogramming of reproductive cloning

A
  • using somatic cells and oocytes using cell fusion
  • activate egg cell to turn somatic cell into totipotent cell
37
Q

what happens during asymmetric division

A

1 differentiated and 1 undifferentiated cell produced

38
Q

what is possible with symmetric division

A

2 un/differentiated cells

39
Q

what type of division do stem cells undego

A

symmetric division

40
Q

what type of cell uses asymmetric division

A

tissue cells

41
Q

what is retrospective experimental method for adult stem cell identification

A

using past models instead of prospective using raw collected data

42
Q

what are the 2 advantages of adult stem cells

A
  • autologous
  • stable
43
Q

what is a disadvantage of adult stem cells

A

problems with amplification

44
Q

what are induced pluripotent stem cells

A

man made stem cells

Cell Biology (11 decks)

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