W10 Talking Flashcards

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1
Q

What theory suggests that language acquisition occurs similarly to other learned behaviors?

A

Behaviourism/Learning Theory.

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2
Q

Who is a key figure associated with Behaviourism in language acquisition?

A

B.F. Skinner.

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3
Q

What are the three kinds of learning identified in Behaviourism?

A

Classical conditioning, imitation + operant conditioning, and social learning.

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4
Q

In Behaviourism, how is classical conditioning described?

A

Repeated associations between an object, a response, and a word leading to word understanding.

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5
Q

How does imitation and operant conditioning contribute to language acquisition?

A

Infants imitate adult utterances, which are then reinforced, and parents shape the child’s responses.

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6
Q

What is social learning in the context of language acquisition?

A

Children observe and imitate others to be like admired models, not just for rewards.

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7
Q

What is a major weakness of the Behaviourism theory?

A

Children often produce language they have never heard before.

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8
Q

What strengths does the Learning Theory of language acquisition possess?

A

Imitation and praise can enhance early language development.

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9
Q

What do Connectionist models assert about language acquisition?

A

Language is learned through a general associative learning mechanism based on input.

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10
Q

How do Connectionist models simulate language learning?

A

By using computer programs that mimic human information processing with input-output connections.

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11
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis regarding babbling?

A

Babbling is a direct precursor to speech, with a wide range of sounds narrowing down to native sounds.

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12
Q

What characterizes a child’s first words?

A

They are often phonologically simplified and usually refer to interactable objects.

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13
Q

What is the “vocabulary spurt”?

A

A rapid acquisition of new words, typically occurring around 18-20 months of age.

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14
Q

What are the lexical principles that help children learn names for objects?

A

Whole-object assumption, taxonomic constraint, and mutual exclusivity assumption

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15
Q

What is a common error children make in word usage?

A

Overextension and underextension of words.

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16
Q

What do children learn about syntactic categories through early language development?

A

They may allocate words to innate syntactic categories or notice regularities in language usage.

17
Q

What is “telegraphic speech”?

A

Early two-word combinations that often follow a simple structure, such as possession or action.

18
Q

What does the Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) measure?

A

The average number of morphemes per utterance, used to track language development

19
Q

How do children typically form negative statements in early language?

A

By initially placing “no” or “not” before the utterance, then integrating negative markers into sentences.

20
Q

What is the significance of individual differences in language acquisition?

A

Children may exhibit variations in learning styles, such as being more referential or expressive.