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Race & Ethnic Relations > W06 Nutrition Exam > Flashcards

W06 Nutrition Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the three electrolytes if they are negative or positive charged

A

Sodium (positive), Potassium (positive), and Chloride (negative)

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2
Q

What populations can have water intoxication more?

A

Athletes, Endurance athletes, or college fraternity at times

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3
Q

What is another name for water intoxication?

A

Hyponatremia

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4
Q

What is another word for swelling in the body?

A

edema

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5
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water through a semi permeable membrane. (fresh water on left, salt water on the right, the concentration of the solutes in the liquid)

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6
Q

What is fluid balance?

A

The solutes on the outside and inside of the blood cells

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7
Q

define a hypotonic solution

A

when a blood cell becomes swollen and can burst because water is going in but not coming out

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8
Q

define a hypertonic solution

A

when the water leaves the blood cell and it shrivels and dies

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9
Q

How much cups are equal to 1 liter

A

4.22 cups

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10
Q

List foods high in water content

A

Watermelon, spinach, salmon, yogurt

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11
Q

Which populations are most prone to dehydration?

A

children, infants, athletes, and elderly

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12
Q

What are symptoms of basic dehydration?

A

headache, low blood pressure, thirst, irritability, the color of urine

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13
Q

What are symptoms of severe dehydration?

A

head exhaustion, rapid heart beat, the color of urine

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14
Q

which areas of the body measure blood pressure?

A

kidneys, blood vessels, and brains

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What are antidiuretic hormones?

A

antidiuretic hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland. the pituitary gland tells the kidneys to conserve water

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17
Q

What is angiotensin?

A

its produced in the liver and released in the blood. tells the hypothalamus to release ADH to increase thirst and reserve sodium

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18
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

it was produced in the adrenal cortex and tells the kidneys to reserve sodium and fluid retention to protect the water we have

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19
Q

What are the four functions of water?

A

transport through blood, nutrients in blood, and waste products. temperature by the release of heat through sweat, and evaporation, chemical reactions by bringing enzymes and compounds together and lubrication which brings mucus, movement to bones, and cell shape and function

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20
Q

How do we lose water?

A

From sweat, waste, exercise, and urine. It is usually lost through the kidneys from urine and also through our skin, respiration.

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21
Q

Which diet can help with blood pressure and lowers sodium?

A

Dash Diet

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22
Q

What is a normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 or less

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23
Q

What is elevated blood pressure?

A

120-129/less than 80

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24
Q

What is high blood pressure? (stage 1)

A

130-139/80-89

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25
What is high blood pressure? (stage 2)
140 or higher/90 or higher
26
What is the definition of hypertension?
high blood pressure
27
What are natural sources of sodium?
table salt, meats, bread, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy
28
What are unnatural sources of sodium?
Canned foods, frozen meals, condiments, savory snacks, fast food
29
What are the functions of sodium?
Food balance, active transportation of glucose, fluid balance, blood pressure, nerve conduction
30
What are problems from sodium?
hypertension, thirst and dehydration, edema (water retention), hyponatremia, hypernatremia, overweight/obesity
31
What are natural sources of potassium?
fruits and vegetables, whole grains, some fish, meat, and dairy
32
What are unnatural sources of potassium?
There aren't a lot. Dried fruit, coconut water
33
What are functions of potassium?
muscle contraction, nerve conduction
34
What are problems from too little or too much potassium?
hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, heart failure, and heart attack
35
How many triglycerides should you have
less than 150 mg/dl
36
how much total cholesterol should you have?
less than 200 mg/dl
37
how much LDL (bad cholesterol) should you have?
less than 100 mg/dl
38
how much HDL (good cholesterol) should you have?
less than 60 mg/dl and higher
39
how many triglycerides?
less than 150 m/dl
40
What is considered a "normal weight" for the BMI
25
41
How many servings of fruits and vegetables should you have?
5-9
42
how many steps should you try to get each day?
10,000
43
How many hours of sleep should you try to get per night
6-9
44
What are enzymes? What do they do?
An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell.
45
Describe heme iron vs. non heme iron
iron that is still part of the hemoglobin complex found in animals. Non-heme iron is not part of the hemoglobin complex found in plants, and processed foods. Not as bioavailable.
46
What are types of foods with heme iron
red meat, poultry, seafood
47
What are types of foods with non heme iron
Beans, cereal, eggs, dark chocolate, or potatoes
48
What are functions of minerals?
regulating water balance, regulating energy metabolism, part of bone structure
49
True or False : Minerals often have a higher bioavailability than those in plant foods
True
50
Name all trace minerals
Zinc, iron, fluoride
51
Name all major minerals
calcium, phosphorous potassium, magnesium, iodine, sodium
52
which gender has a higher risk for osteoporosis?
women
53
which gender have a higher peak bone growth
men
54
What are blood calcium levels controlled by
calcitonin and PTH
55
What is a great cofactor for 100+ enzymes?
Zinc. It helps with tissue and cell growth
56
Where do you find iodine in food?
ocean and coastal soil so often in seafood. We also have it in milk because of the cleaning and sanitizing process. table salt is iodized to prevent disease.
57
What are the complications from not getting enough iodine
(goiter) thyroid is enlarged, hypothyroidism or intellectual disabilities from pregnancy
58
Why is spinach not a good source of calcium?
Because of the oxilation process. The oxalates binds to the calcium in spinach and drastically lowers the calcium absorption
59
high levels of oxilation can decrease what
calcium absorption
60
True of False : Phosphorus is a component of the ATP
True
61
what deficiency is the most common in the world
Iron
62
Why does fluoride strengthen the teeth?
It strengthens the enamel and makes it more resistant to acid
63
Is iodizing salt expensive
No
64
True or False : Spinach and some plant foods have oxalates and so they bind to iron and make it less bioavailable
True
65
Which type of iron is more bioavailable?
heme iron
66
Niacin can be synthesized from which of the following?
Tryptophan
67
True or False For most people, taking 1000 mg of vitamin C daily will prevent a cold.
False
68
What is the function of a coenzyme?
Bind with an enzyme to promote its activity
69
In order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, the most important time for a woman to consume adequate amounts of folate is when .
shortly before and during the first part of her pregnancy
70
Kathryn is a 67-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?
Vitamin B-12 injections
71
what foods have a good source of b12?
eggs, salmon, beef, yeast, clams
72
True or False : Hemolytic anemia is a sign of a vitamin e deficiency
True
73
What is rickets?
rickets is a deficiency in in vitamin d which causes short stature and bone deformities
74
What is Beriberi?
It's a disease caused by a deficiency in thiamin.
75
what food has a good provitamin for vitamin A and a beta carotene?
carrots (others include sweet potatoes and leafy greens)
76
If you are a vegetarian and you don't eat a lot of vitamin A you should take a supplement or eat a lot of
beta carratine
77
What are the best food sources for folate?
Legumes and oranges are excellent food sources for folate. Enriched grain products are excellent sources for folic acid.
78
What is the deficiency disease for iron?
anemia
79
What is the deficiency disease for calcium?
osteoporosis
80
What is the deficiency disease for fluoride?
dental caries
81
What is the deficiency disease for iodine
goiter or intellectual disability in pregnancy
82
What is the deficiency disease for sodium?
hyponatremia
83
What is the deficiency disease for zinc?
delayed maturation
84
What is the deficiency disease for thiamine?
Beri Beri
85
What is the deficiency disease for b1 riboflavin?
ariboflavinosis
86
What is the deficiency disease for b3 niacin?
pellagra
87
What is the deficiency disease for folate?
neuro-tubal defects
88
What is the deficiency disease for vitamin C?
scurvy
89
What is the deficiency disease for vitamin D?
rickets
90
What is the deficiency disease for vitamin A?
xzeropthalama (night blindness)
91
What is a molecule with an unpaired electron
free radical
92
How much quantity for major minerals?
100 mg/day or more
93
How much quantity for trace minerals?
100 mg/day or less.
94
What is the chemistry term for compounds containing carbon attached to other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Organic compounds
95
What is the chemical compound that has a similar molecular structure to a particular vitamin and behaves like that vitamin in the body
Vitamer
96
What is the provitamin for niacin and an essential amino acid
Tryptofan
97
What protects against cellular damage by donating an electron to a free radical to prevent the free radical from taking an electron from a nearby molecule (oxidizing the molecule)
Antioxidant
98
What substance found in food can be converted into a vitamin within the body
Provitamin
99
Does not readily disperse in a water solution. For example, a fat-soluble vitamin would need a transporter in order to travel in the bloodstream.
Fat soluble vitamins
100
readily disperses in a water solution, such as the bloodstream
Water soluble vitamins
101
What was an organic, non-protein compound that activates an enzyme so it can work
coenzyme
102
What is bioavailability
the body's ability to absorb the nutrient into the digestive tract and utilize it
103
thiamin deficiency that alcoholics are at risk for
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
104
define Microcytic anemia
sign of vitamin B6 deficiency
105
define macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
a consequence of folate deficiency
106
What is an Intrinsic factor
a substance produced by the stomach that is necessary for good vitamin B12 absorption
107
What is the vitamin D deficiency called in adults; characterized by poor bone mineralization
Osteomalacia
108
What is Coagulation
blood clotting
109
What is it called when there is the breaking down and regrowth of bones
bone remodeling
110
What is the name of bone building cells
Osteoblasts
111
What are the cells that break down bone?
Osteoclasts
112
porous bone, a disease with low bone mass
Osteoporosis
113
What is hemoglobin?
an oxygen carrier protein in red blood cells
114
What are goitrogens?
substances that can diminish the absorption of iodine
115
Jack is training for a marathon. He weighs 180 pounds. After a 16-mile training run, he weighs 175 pounds. How many cups of water did he lose?
10 cups
116
How many cups of water does Jack need to drink that day to replenish his fluid loss?
12.5-15 cups
117
What are chloride sources
salt
118
Define Electrolyte (functions)
Regulate fluid balance, conduct nerve impulses, muscle contractions.
119
What is Hyponatremia
Low sodium concentration in the blood
120
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
fat soluble A, D, E, K

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