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Race & Ethnic Relations > W06 Nutrition Exam > Flashcards

W06 Nutrition Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three electrolytes if they are negative or positive charged

A

Sodium (positive), Potassium (positive), and Chloride (negative)

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2
Q

What populations can have water intoxication more?

A

Athletes, Endurance athletes, or college fraternity at times

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3
Q

What is another name for water intoxication?

A

Hyponatremia

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4
Q

What is another word for swelling in the body?

A

edema

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5
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water through a semi permeable membrane. (fresh water on left, salt water on the right, the concentration of the solutes in the liquid)

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6
Q

What is fluid balance?

A

The solutes on the outside and inside of the blood cells

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7
Q

define a hypotonic solution

A

when a blood cell becomes swollen and can burst because water is going in but not coming out

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8
Q

define a hypertonic solution

A

when the water leaves the blood cell and it shrivels and dies

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9
Q

How much cups are equal to 1 liter

A

4.22 cups

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10
Q

List foods high in water content

A

Watermelon, spinach, salmon, yogurt

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11
Q

Which populations are most prone to dehydration?

A

children, infants, athletes, and elderly

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12
Q

What are symptoms of basic dehydration?

A

headache, low blood pressure, thirst, irritability, the color of urine

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13
Q

What are symptoms of severe dehydration?

A

head exhaustion, rapid heart beat, the color of urine

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14
Q

which areas of the body measure blood pressure?

A

kidneys, blood vessels, and brains

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What are antidiuretic hormones?

A

antidiuretic hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland. the pituitary gland tells the kidneys to conserve water

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17
Q

What is angiotensin?

A

its produced in the liver and released in the blood. tells the hypothalamus to release ADH to increase thirst and reserve sodium

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18
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

it was produced in the adrenal cortex and tells the kidneys to reserve sodium and fluid retention to protect the water we have

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19
Q

What are the four functions of water?

A

transport through blood, nutrients in blood, and waste products. temperature by the release of heat through sweat, and evaporation, chemical reactions by bringing enzymes and compounds together and lubrication which brings mucus, movement to bones, and cell shape and function

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20
Q

How do we lose water?

A

From sweat, waste, exercise, and urine. It is usually lost through the kidneys from urine and also through our skin, respiration.

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21
Q

Which diet can help with blood pressure and lowers sodium?

A

Dash Diet

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22
Q

What is a normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 or less

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23
Q

What is elevated blood pressure?

A

120-129/less than 80

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24
Q

What is high blood pressure? (stage 1)

A

130-139/80-89

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25
Q

What is high blood pressure? (stage 2)

A

140 or higher/90 or higher

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26
Q

What is the definition of hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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27
Q

What are natural sources of sodium?

A

table salt, meats, bread, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy

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28
Q

What are unnatural sources of sodium?

A

Canned foods, frozen meals, condiments, savory snacks, fast food

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29
Q

What are the functions of sodium?

A

Food balance, active transportation of glucose, fluid balance, blood pressure, nerve conduction

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30
Q

What are problems from sodium?

A

hypertension, thirst and dehydration, edema (water retention), hyponatremia, hypernatremia, overweight/obesity

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31
Q

What are natural sources of potassium?

A

fruits and vegetables, whole grains, some fish, meat, and dairy

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32
Q

What are unnatural sources of potassium?

A

There aren’t a lot. Dried fruit, coconut water

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33
Q

What are functions of potassium?

A

muscle contraction, nerve conduction

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34
Q

What are problems from too little or too much potassium?

A

hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, heart failure, and heart attack

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35
Q

How many triglycerides should you have

A

less than 150 mg/dl

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36
Q

how much total cholesterol should you have?

A

less than 200 mg/dl

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37
Q

how much LDL (bad cholesterol) should you have?

A

less than 100 mg/dl

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38
Q

how much HDL (good cholesterol) should you have?

A

less than 60 mg/dl and higher

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39
Q

how many triglycerides?

A

less than 150 m/dl

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40
Q

What is considered a “normal weight” for the BMI

A

25

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41
Q

How many servings of fruits and vegetables should you have?

A

5-9

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42
Q

how many steps should you try to get each day?

A

10,000

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43
Q

How many hours of sleep should you try to get per night

A

6-9

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44
Q

What are enzymes? What do they do?

A

An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell.

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45
Q

Describe heme iron vs. non heme iron

A

iron that is still part of the hemoglobin complex found in animals. Non-heme iron is not part of the hemoglobin complex found in plants, and processed foods. Not as bioavailable.

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46
Q

What are types of foods with heme iron

A

red meat, poultry, seafood

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47
Q

What are types of foods with non heme iron

A

Beans, cereal, eggs, dark chocolate, or potatoes

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48
Q

What are functions of minerals?

A

regulating water balance, regulating energy metabolism, part of bone structure

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49
Q

True or False : Minerals often have a higher bioavailability than those in plant foods

A

True

50
Q

Name all trace minerals

A

Zinc, iron, fluoride

51
Q

Name all major minerals

A

calcium, phosphorous potassium, magnesium, iodine, sodium

52
Q

which gender has a higher risk for osteoporosis?

A

women

53
Q

which gender have a higher peak bone growth

A

men

54
Q

What are blood calcium levels controlled by

A

calcitonin and PTH

55
Q

What is a great cofactor for 100+ enzymes?

A

Zinc. It helps with tissue and cell growth

56
Q

Where do you find iodine in food?

A

ocean and coastal soil so often in seafood. We also have it in milk because of the cleaning and sanitizing process. table salt is iodized to prevent disease.

57
Q

What are the complications from not getting enough iodine

A

(goiter) thyroid is enlarged, hypothyroidism or intellectual disabilities from pregnancy

58
Q

Why is spinach not a good source of calcium?

A

Because of the oxilation process. The oxalates binds to the calcium in spinach and drastically lowers the calcium absorption

59
Q

high levels of oxilation can decrease what

A

calcium absorption

60
Q

True of False : Phosphorus is a component of the ATP

A

True

61
Q

what deficiency is the most common in the world

A

Iron

62
Q

Why does fluoride strengthen the teeth?

A

It strengthens the enamel and makes it more resistant to acid

63
Q

Is iodizing salt expensive

A

No

64
Q

True or False : Spinach and some plant foods have oxalates and so they bind to iron and make it less bioavailable

A

True

65
Q

Which type of iron is more bioavailable?

A

heme iron

66
Q

Niacin can be synthesized from which of the following?

A

Tryptophan

67
Q

True or False For most people, taking 1000 mg of vitamin C daily will prevent a cold.

A

False

68
Q

What is the function of a coenzyme?

A

Bind with an enzyme to promote its activity

69
Q

In order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus, the most important time for a woman to consume adequate amounts of folate is when .

A

shortly before and during the first part of her pregnancy

70
Q

Kathryn is a 67-year-old woman with pernicious anemia. What treatment would her doctor recommend?

A

Vitamin B-12 injections

71
Q

what foods have a good source of b12?

A

eggs, salmon, beef, yeast, clams

72
Q

True or False : Hemolytic anemia is a sign of a vitamin e deficiency

A

True

73
Q

What is rickets?

A

rickets is a deficiency in in vitamin d which causes short stature and bone deformities

74
Q

What is Beriberi?

A

It’s a disease caused by a deficiency in thiamin.

75
Q

what food has a good provitamin for vitamin A and a beta carotene?

A

carrots (others include sweet potatoes and leafy greens)

76
Q

If you are a vegetarian and you don’t eat a lot of vitamin A you should take a supplement or eat a lot of

A

beta carratine

77
Q

What are the best food sources for folate?

A

Legumes and oranges are excellent food sources for folate. Enriched grain products are excellent sources for folic acid.

78
Q

What is the deficiency disease for iron?

A

anemia

79
Q

What is the deficiency disease for calcium?

A

osteoporosis

80
Q

What is the deficiency disease for fluoride?

A

dental caries

81
Q

What is the deficiency disease for iodine

A

goiter or intellectual disability in pregnancy

82
Q

What is the deficiency disease for sodium?

A

hyponatremia

83
Q

What is the deficiency disease for zinc?

A

delayed maturation

84
Q

What is the deficiency disease for thiamine?

A

Beri Beri

85
Q

What is the deficiency disease for b1 riboflavin?

A

ariboflavinosis

86
Q

What is the deficiency disease for b3 niacin?

A

pellagra

87
Q

What is the deficiency disease for folate?

A

neuro-tubal defects

88
Q

What is the deficiency disease for vitamin C?

A

scurvy

89
Q

What is the deficiency disease for vitamin D?

A

rickets

90
Q

What is the deficiency disease for vitamin A?

A

xzeropthalama (night blindness)

91
Q

What is a molecule with an unpaired electron

A

free radical

92
Q

How much quantity for major minerals?

A

100 mg/day or more

93
Q

How much quantity for trace minerals?

A

100 mg/day or less.

94
Q

What is the chemistry term for compounds containing carbon attached to other
elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

A

Organic compounds

95
Q

What is the chemical compound that has a similar molecular structure to a particular vitamin and behaves like that vitamin in the body

A

Vitamer

96
Q

What is the provitamin for niacin and an essential amino acid

A

Tryptofan

97
Q

What protects against cellular damage by donating an electron to a free radical to prevent the free radical from taking an electron from a nearby molecule (oxidizing the molecule)

A

Antioxidant

98
Q

What substance found in food can be converted into a vitamin within the body

A

Provitamin

99
Q

Does not readily disperse in a water solution. For example, a fat-soluble vitamin would need a transporter in order to travel in the bloodstream.

A

Fat soluble vitamins

100
Q

readily disperses in a water solution, such as the bloodstream

A

Water soluble vitamins

101
Q

What was an organic, non-protein compound that activates an enzyme so it can work

A

coenzyme

102
Q

What is bioavailability

A

the body’s ability to absorb the nutrient into the digestive tract and utilize it

103
Q

thiamin deficiency that alcoholics are at risk for

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

104
Q

define Microcytic anemia

A

sign of vitamin B6 deficiency

105
Q

define macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia

A

a consequence of folate deficiency

106
Q

What is an Intrinsic factor

A

a substance produced by the stomach that is necessary for good vitamin B12 absorption

107
Q

What is the vitamin D deficiency called in adults; characterized by poor bone mineralization

A

Osteomalacia

108
Q

What is Coagulation

A

blood clotting

109
Q

What is it called when there is the breaking down and regrowth of bones

A

bone remodeling

110
Q

What is the name of bone building cells

A

Osteoblasts

111
Q

What are the cells that break down bone?

A

Osteoclasts

112
Q

porous bone, a disease with low bone mass

A

Osteoporosis

113
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

an oxygen carrier protein in red blood cells

114
Q

What are goitrogens?

A

substances that can diminish the absorption of iodine

115
Q

Jack is training for a marathon. He weighs 180 pounds. After a 16-mile training run, he weighs 175 pounds. How many cups of water did he lose?

A

10 cups

116
Q

How many cups of water does Jack need to drink that day to replenish his fluid loss?

A

12.5-15 cups

117
Q

What are chloride sources

A

salt

118
Q

Define Electrolyte (functions)

A

Regulate fluid balance, conduct nerve impulses, muscle contractions.

119
Q

What is Hyponatremia

A

Low sodium concentration in the blood

120
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

fat soluble A, D, E, K

Race & Ethnic Relations (9 decks)

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