Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointestinal Module > Vomiting Diarrhea And Constipation > Flashcards

Vomiting Diarrhea And Constipation Flashcards

1
Q

Nausea

A

Uneasiness of stomach that often comes before vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vomiting

A

Forcible voluntary or involuntary emptying of stomach contents through the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are nausea and vomiting diseases ?

A

No mostly symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of vomiting and nausea

A 
Motion sickness 
Early stages of pregnancy 
Medication induced vomiting 
Intense pain 
Emotional stress 
Gallbladder diseases
Food poisoning
Infections 
Overeating
 Rxn to certain smells or odeurs 
Heart attack
Concussion / brain injury 
Brain tumor 
Ulcers 
Some forms of cancer 
Bulimia 
Gastroparesis / slow stomach emptying 
Ingestion of toxins or alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most common cause of vomiting in children

A 
Viral infections 
Milk allergy
Motion sickness 
Overeating 
Coughing
Blocked intestines 
Illness with high fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Possible cause of vomiting if happens after eating

A

Food poisoning
Gastritis
Ulcer
Bulimia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

4 pathways of vomiting

A

CNS :
Stimuli ( high intracranial pressure, irritation of meninges, emotional trigger) activate part of CNS with cerebral cortex and limbic system by serotonin, neurokinin, dopamin and GABA

CTZ : blood borne emetics
Triggers ( metaboli abnormalities, toxins, medications) activate CTZ by dopamin , serotonin, neurokinin receptors

Vestibular system : inner ear motion
Trigger ( vestibular apparatus disturbance in inner ear due to motion sickness , dizziness) activate inner ear with histamine (H1)and acetylcholine receptors

Solitary tract nucleus : peripheral pathways
Vagal , sympathetic, glossopharyngeal afférents triggers which act on solitary tract nucleus by serotonin , dopamin , acetylcholine, histamine, neurokinin and CB. Receptors

All act on emetic center in the medulla by neurokinin which induces vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Medication of diarrhea and nausea

A

Dehydration -> oral electrolytes or IV rehydration if severe

Motion sickness and vertigo -$ antiH1, antiM (meclizine, scopolamine )

When migraine , headaches -> antid2 ( metocloprzmide, prochlorperazine, chlorpromazine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Medical complications of vomiting in chemotherapy induced vomiting

A

Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance
Aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of CINV

A 
Acute 
Delayed 
Breakthrough 
Anticipatory
Refractory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acute CINV

A

Within 24h of chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Delayed CINV

A

Within 24h- 5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Breakthrough CONV

A

Occur despite prophylactic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anticipatory CINV

A

Triggered by taste, odour, memories, visions, anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Refractory CINV

A

Occur in subsequent cycles when antiemetics have failed before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

High emetogénic agent

A 
Cisplatin
Dacarbazine
Cyclophosphamide
Carmustine 
Mechlorethamine
Streptozocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Moderate emetogenic

A 
Carboplztin
Methotrexate
Docetaxel
Paclitaxel
Etoposide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Risk factors that out patients at risk of CINV

A 
Type of chemotherapeutic 
Female sex
Âge (under 55)
History of light alcohol abuse
History of previous CINV
History of N+V during pregnancy 
History of motion sickness
Anxiety / depression
Anticipation of CINV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pathophysiology of CINV

A

Emesis as defense mechanism by area postrema of medulla oblongata

Triggers Lead to substance P which activates NK1

Vagal and ENS activated serotonin receptors

Direct activation of serotonin receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatment of CINV

A

5HT3 antagonists -> do laser Ron, ondansetron, granisetron, palonosetron
Per os, IV , transdermal patch

NK1 inhibitors -> aprepitant, netupitant,

Metoclopramide ( D2 antagonist)
Diphenhydramine, meclizine in rescue treatment
Cannabinoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Best drug cocktail for CINV

A

Serotonin antagonist + NK1 inhibitor + dexamethasone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diarrhea

A

Common. And usually not serious Bowel movement that is loose and watery at least 3 times in 24h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pathology of diarrhea

A

Decreased electrolyte and water absorption
Increased secretion by intestinal mucosa
Increased luminal osmotic load
Inflammation of mucosa and exudation into lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Goal diarrhea treatment

A

Restore the fluid / electrolytes balance

Treat the cause of the diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Types of diarrhea

A

Acute

Chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Acute diarrhea characteristics

A

Sudden onset
Last less than 2 weeks
Mostly infectious in etiology 90%
Some due to medications , toxins and ischemia 10%
Could be action of laxatives and diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Chronic diarrhea

A

Last more than 4 weeks
Mostly non infection
Seen in IBS, Colorectal cancer

28
Q

Dysentery

A

Stools with blood or mucus

29
Q

Persistent diarrhea

A

Diarrhea present for more than 14 days

30
Q

Signs and symptoms of diarrhea

A 
Abdominal bloating 
Thin or loose stools
Watery loose
Sense of urgency to have bowel movement 
Nausea 
Vomiting 
If severe -> blood, mucus, un digestedfood in stools , Weight loss, Fever
31
Q

Common form of diarrheas

A

Rotavirus -> in children less than 2yearz old

Cholera, E. coli, shigellosis -> children aged 2-5yo

E. coli, campylobacter -> all ages

Amebiasis , cryptosporidium -> immunocompromised

32
Q

Main cause of acute diarrhea

A 
Viral 
Bacterial 
Drug induced 
Nutritional 
Protozoan
33
Q

Chronic diarrhea causes

A 
Tumors 
Diabetes 
IBS
Addison’s disease
Hyperthyroidism
34
Q

Nutritional causes of diarrhea

A 
Alcohol
Caffeine 
Food causing gas like beams 
Nicotine 
Spicy foods 
Foods high in acids like oranges 
Fatty foods like sausage 
Dairy products In lactose intolerant
35
Q

Bacteria that causes diarrhea

A 
E. coli
Salmonella 
Shigella 
Campylobacter
Vibrio 
Yersini 
C.  Difficile
S.  Aureus 
B. Cereus
C. Botinilum
36
Q

Virus that can cause diarrhea

A 
Adenovirus 
Rotavirus 
Calicivorus 
Astrobirus 
Norwalk virus
37
Q

Fungi that can cause diarrhea

A

Fungi

Yeast

38
Q

Parasite that can cause diarrhea

A

E histolytica
Gardia lamblia
Cryptosporidium
Isospora

39
Q

Pathogenesis of diarrhea due to microbes

A

Transmission mostly feco oral ( rota by air, shigella by person to person )

40
Q

Different form of diarrhea based on pathophysiology

A 
Osmotic 
Malabsorption 
Secretory 
Inflammatory 
Abnormal motility
41
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

A substance draws water from body into bowel

42
Q

Secretory diarrhea

A

Body secretes water into the bowel ( like in infections, drugs. )
Abnormal ion transported into intestinal epithelial cells

43
Q

Exudation diarrhea

A

Diarrhea with pus and blood in stool

Seen in IBS like CD and UC

44
Q

Osmotic mechanism

A

Accumulation of non absorbable water soluble

Retain water in bowel

45
Q

Causes of osmotic diarrhea a

A 
Magnesium sulfate 
Excess sorbitol and mannitol 
Diasaccharids intolerance 
Generalized malabsorption 
Lactose intolerance
46
Q

Malabsorption. Diarrhea

A 
Luminal phase (intraluminal digestion ) 
Mucosal phase (mucosal disease and loss ) 
Transport phase -> steatorrhea
47
Q

Causes of malabsorption diarrhea

A

Bacteria outgrowth
Pancreatic insufficiency
Mucosal disease ( CD, Celiac spruce )

48
Q

Celiac sprue

A

Gluten sensitive enteropathy
Reaction against gluten from diet
Seen in the whites

49
Q

Drugs Causes of malabsorption

A

Luminal effect -> neomycin, cholestyramine, alcohol

Mucosal effect-> methotrexate, colchicine

Stricture -> NSAID

Enterocyte -> alcohol

Brush border enzyme effect -> neomycin, alcohol

Intracellukar effect -> laxatives, colcichime, biguanides

50
Q

Secretory diarrhea causes

A

Cholera enterotoxin
E. coli enterotoxin
Vernier Morrison syndrome vasoactibe intestinal peptide
Bile salts in colon after ileal resection
Laxatives
Carcinoid tumors

51
Q

Inflammatory diarrhea

A 
Damage to intestinal mucosa cell leading to loss of fluids and blood 
Pain 
Fever
Bleeding 
Inflammation
52
Q

Causes of inflammatory diarrhea causes

A

Shigella dysentery
UC
CD

53
Q

Abnormal motility diarrhea

A 
Underlying disease leading to increased frequency of defecation 
Large volume 
Malabsorption (steatorrhea) 
Diarrhea diarrhea 
Bloating 
Gas
54
Q

Abnormal motility diarrhea causes

A

Diabetes mellitus neuropathy
Post vagotomy
Hyperthyroid
IBS

55
Q

Non specific Treatment of diarrhea

A 
Hydration 
Absorption -> kaopectate 
Bismuth 
Anti peristaltic/ opiates derivatives 
Fiber supplementation 
ORS -> oral rehydration solution
56
Q

Constipation

A

Infrequent bowel movement , usually less than 3 movement per week

57
Q

Obstipation

A

Severe constipation with no passage of stool or gas

58
Q

Signs and symptoms of constipation

A 
Desire to defecate 
Pain and intestinal discomfort
Swelling in abdomen, cramps, and colic
Several days without being able to defecate 
Hemorrhoids, appendicitis, acne 
Hard stool after straining in toilets 
Excess gas and bloatinG 
Vomiting
Headaches 
Intestinal obstruction 
Loss of appetite 
Offensive breath
Bad taste in mouth
59
Q

When are you considered constipayed

A

If you have 2 of more of these over 3 months

Straining during bowel movement more than 25% of time

Hard stool more than 25% of time

Incomplete evacuation ore than 25% of time

Two or fewer bowel movement in a week

60
Q

Type of stools

A

Type 1 -> sepearte hard lumps like nuts
Type 2-> sausage shaped but lumpy
Type 3 -> sausage like with cracks on surface
Type 4-> sausage like smooth and soft
Type 5-> soft blobs with clear cut edges
Type 6 -> fluffy pieces with ragged edges m mushy stool
Type 7 -> entirely liquid

61
Q

Type of stools that indicate condtipation

A

Type 1 and 2

62
Q

Ideal type of stools

A

Type 3 and 4

63
Q

Type of stools tending towards diarrhea

A

Type 5-7

64
Q

Causes of constipation

A 
Diet
Lack of excercise
Age 
Irregular bowel habits 
Drug induced 
Disease states
Spasm of sigmoid colon 
Dysfunction of myenteric plexus 
Travel 
Painkillers 
Drugs 
Environmental changes 
Pregnancy
65
Q

Causes of constipation during pregnancy

A

1st trimester -> progesterone slows down intestinal activity

Late stage -> pressure of uterus on intestines and rectum , iron supplement, stress , sedentary lifestyle

66
Q

Management of constipation k

A

Lifestyle changes (exercise, hydration, fibers diet, vegetables , fruits, milk etc )

Laxatives
Surgical removal if very severe and needed

Gastrointestinal Module (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions