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Gastrointestinal Module > Git Physiology > Flashcards

Git Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Volume of fluid leaving and entering body everyday

A

9L

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2
Q

Different volumes of fluids entering body

A

2L of food and drinks

  1. 5L saliva
  2. 5L of bile from liver

2L stomach secretion

  1. 5L pancreatic secretion
  2. 5L intestinal secretion
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3
Q

Different volumes of fluids leaving body

A
  1. 5L absorption from small intestine
  2. 4L absorption from large intestine
  3. 1L excretion in feces
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4
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can absorbed in blood stream

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5
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from lumen of organs into the cells and then into the blood

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6
Q

Secretion

A

Process by which cells are discharged from a cell , a gland or an organ

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7
Q

What is the role of rugae of stomach

A

Increase surface are to allow higher rate of digestion

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8
Q

Where do you find payers patchers

A

Small intestine especially the ileum

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9
Q

Location of myenteric plexus

A

In muscularix external

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10
Q

Tonic contraction

A

Sustained contraction

Occur in the smooth muscle sphincter and the stomach and prevent the bolus from moving backward

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11
Q

Phasic contraction

A

Last only a few seconds and composed of peristalsis which allow food to move forward
Has segmentation which allow food to be mixed

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12
Q

Pathway of HCl secretion from parietal cells into lumen of stomach

A

Water produces H+ and OH- => H+ gets into lumen and form hydrogen part of HCl (ATP active anti port with K+ getting in the cell)

Carbonic anhydride and CO2 form HCO3 which comes out of cell allowing chloride to get into the cell (anti port active transporter)

Chloride in the cell get out in the lumen through a chloride channel and bind previous H+ to form HCl

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13
Q

Pathway of bicarbonate secretion from pancreas into duodenum or lumen of pancreas

A

Water and carbon dioxide form HCO3

HCO3 get into lumen meanwhile Cl gets into cell (anti port active transporter)

Calcium can come out again in lumen with help of CFTR Channel

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14
Q

What system integrate long reflexes

A

CNS

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15
Q

What system integrate short reflexes

A

ENS

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16
Q

Glucose polymers

A

Starch

Glycogen

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17
Q

Enzyme responsible for glucose polymer degradation

A

Amylase

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18
Q

Disaccharides

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

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19
Q

Disaccharidases

A

Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase

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20
Q

Maltose degradation product

A

2 glucose

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21
Q

Sucrose degradation product

A

Glucose

Fructose

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22
Q

Lactose degradation product

A

Glucose

Galactose

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23
Q

Glucose and galactose absorption pathway

A

Symport of Na and glucose and galactose in mucosa through SGLTransporter
Glut 2 transporter help transport glucose and galactose

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24
Q

Absorption of fructose pathway

A

Fructose gets in mucosa through glut5

Glut 2 helps transport fructose from mucosa to capillary

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25
Q

Enzyme responsible for protein internal bond digestion

A

Endopeptidase

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26
Q

Exopeptidases acting in peptides digestion

A

Aminopeptidases on N terminal

Carboxypeptidase on C terminal

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27
Q

Dipeptides and tripeptides absorption pathway

A

Get into mucosa though H+ symport

Get into blood through H+ anti port

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28
Q

Amino acids absorption pathway

A

Get into mucosa through Na+ symport

Get into the blood through Na+ antiport

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29
Q

Small peptides absorption pathway

A

Get into cell through endocytosis

Get into blood through exocytosis

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30
Q

Enzyme responsible for lipid (TGs)digestion

A

Lipase and colipase

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31
Q

Function of bile on lipid

A

Emulsify lipids to increase the surface area so that more enzyme act on lipids

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32
Q

What molecules form chylomicrons

A

TGs, cholesterol, protein

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33
Q

How do fats micelles get into cells

A

Diffusion

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34
Q

How do cholesterol get into cells

A

Through transporter

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35
Q

Where is chylomicron released

A

Lymphatic system

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36
Q

Secretion in mouth

A

Saliva with amylase and lipase

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37
Q

Digestion in mouth

A

Carbohydrates and a little fats

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38
Q

Is there absorption in the mouth

A

No

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39
Q

Motility in the mouth

A

Mastication and swallowing

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40
Q

Motility in the stomach

A

Peristalsis

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41
Q

Secretion in stomach

A 
HCl 
Pepsinogen 
Gastric lipase 
Mucus 
HCO3 
Gastrin 
Histamine
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42
Q

Digestion in stomach

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Polypeptides
Nuclei acids

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43
Q

Absorption in stomach

A

Lipid soluble substances ( aspirin, alcohol)

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44
Q

Motility in the small intestine

A

Segmentation

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45
Q

Secretion in the small intestine

A 
Enzymes 
HCO3 
Bile 
Mucus 
Hormones 
Cck 
Secretin 
GIP
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46
Q

Digestion in the small intestine

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Polypeptides
Nucleic acids

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47
Q

Absorption in the small intestine

A 
Peptides 
Fats
Polypeptides
Amino acids 
Glucose 
Fructose 
Water
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48
Q

Motility in the large intestine

S

A

Segmentation

Mass movement

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49
Q

Secretion in the large intestine

A

Mucus

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50
Q

Digestion in the large intestine

A

None except by bacteria

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51
Q

Absorption in the large intestine

A 
Ion s
Water 
Mineral 
Vitamins 
Small organic molecules
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52
Q

Is salivary secretion under autonomic or voluntary control

A

Autonomic

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53
Q

Cephalic phase enzyme in oral cavity

A

Salivary amylase

Salivary lipase

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54
Q

Mucous neck cell secrete …. for….

A

Bicarbonate And Mucus

For physical barrier and buffering

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55
Q

Parietal cells secrete …. for ….

A

HCl And intrinsic factors

HCl activates pepsin
Intrisinc factors allow vit b12 absorption

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56
Q

ECL cells secrete … for …

A

Histamine

For HCl secretion

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57
Q

Chief cell secret … for..

A

Pepsin and gastric lipase

For protein and fat digestion

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58
Q

D cells secrete … for ..

A

Somatostatin

For acid secretion inhibition

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59
Q

G cells … for …

A

Gastrin for acid secretion stimulation

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60
Q

Parietal cells stimulated by …

A

Acetylcholine
Histamine
Gastrin

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61
Q

Histamine release stimulated by

A

Acetylcholine

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62
Q

Chief cells stimulated by

A

Gastrin
Acetylcholine
Acid
Secretin

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63
Q

Somatostatin release stimulated by

A

Acid

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64
Q

G cells stimulated by

A

Acetylcholine
Peptides
Amino acids

65
Q

Action of chyme in duodenum on gastric motility and secretion

A

Inhibit gastric motility and secretion

66
Q

Zymogens

A

Chymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase
Procolipase
Prophospholipase

67
Q

Activated enzymes in small intestine

A

Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Lipase
Phospholipase

68
Q

What enzyme activate zymogens

A

Trypsin from trypsinogen

69
Q

What enzyme activate trypsinogen to trypsin

A

Emdopeptidase in duodenal brush borders

70
Q

Where does majority of digestion occur

A

Small intestine

71
Q

What reflex occurs in large intestine

A

Defecation reflex

72
Q

Name of invaginations in intestine

A

Crypts

73
Q

Meissner plexus is found in the…

A

Submucosa

74
Q

Which plexus is reponsible for GIT secretion

A

Meissner

75
Q

Which plexus is responsible for motility in GIT

A

Myenteric (auerbach)

76
Q

Proximal half of PARASYMPATHETIC innervated by …

A

Vagus nerve

77
Q

Distal half of PARASYMPATHETIC innervated by …

A

Sacral plexus

78
Q

Secretin secreted by ..

A

S cells

79
Q

Secretin action

A

Inhibits gastric motility

80
Q

Hormones stimulating insulin release

A

Secretin
CCK
Gastrin
GIP

81
Q

Sphincter of oddi controls flux of …

A

Bile and pancreatic juices into small intestine

82
Q

Part of molity under voluntary control

A

Ingestion
Swallowing
Defecation

83
Q

Why is mastication important

A

Cut food into smaller pieces so that surface area for enzymes to work on is bigger

84
Q

Nerves implicated into swallowing

A

Trigeminal
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

85
Q

3 stages of swallowing

A

Tongue pushes food against soft palate => swallowing reflex activated
Soft palate pulled upward preventing reflux into nasal cavity
Vocal cord approximated

Larynx upwards , epiglottis closed
Esophageal sphincter relaxes
Pharynx contracts and push food forward

86
Q

Hormonal factors increasing peristalsis

A 
Gastrin
CCK
Insulin 
Modulin 
Serotonin
87
Q

Hormones that decrease peristalsis

A

Secretin

Glucagon

88
Q

Which of the anal muscles ( external or internal ) is under voluntary contr9l ?

A

External because skeletal muscle

89
Q

Name of glands in the stomach

A

Gastric glands

90
Q

Name of glands in duodenum

A

Brunners gland

91
Q

Bile

A

Bitter tasting, dark green to yellow brown fluid produced by liver

92
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Gall bladder

93
Q

Where is bile discharged

A

Duodenum

94
Q

Composition of bile

A 
85% water 
10% bile salts
3% pigments
1% fats
0.7% inorganic salts
0.3% cholesterol
95
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated by water absorption

A

Gallbladder

96
Q

pH of bile

A

Alkaline 7.8 - 8.6

97
Q

Bile salts

A

Sodium and potassium salts

98
Q

Bile pigments

A

Biliverdin

Bilirubin

99
Q

Where are bile salts formed and from what

A

In liver Fromm cholesterol

100
Q

Primary bile salts

A

Cheno nodeoxy cholic acid

101
Q

Bile conjugation in liver

A

Cholic acid + taurine = taurocholic acid

Cholic acid + glycine =glycocholic acid

102
Q

Secondary bile salts are … and formed in …

A

Formed in colon by colon bacteria

Deoxy cholic acid
Lithocholic acid

103
Q

Percentage of bile in duodenum that is absorbed back into portal vein and go back to liver

A

90-95%

104
Q

How is bile recycled

A

Via entero hepatic circulation

105
Q

Amount of bile needed to digest normal meal

A

6-8gm

106
Q

What gives yellow color to bile

A

The pigments

107
Q

Functions of bile

A

Emulsification of fats
Solubilization and transport of lipids in aqueous environment
Cholesterol breakdown for bile acid synthesis

108
Q

Hormones stimulating bile release into small intestine

A

CCK

Secretin

109
Q

Gallstones

A

Small masses formed due to imbalance between components of bile

110
Q

2 types of gallstones

A

Cholesterol

Pigment

111
Q

Cholesterol stones

A

Cholesterol normally liquified by bile salts but if too much cholesterol or not enough bile salts , all of it won’t be liquified

112
Q

Pigment stones

A

Excessive breakdown of RBC so increase level of bilirubin creating stones

113
Q

Steatorrhea

A

If no bile produces, fat non digested and excreted into feces
Feces would be white clay, greasy, difficultly flushable

114
Q

Endocrine secretion of pancreas

A

Glucagon from alpha cells

Insulin from beta cells

115
Q

Exocrine secretion of pancreas

A

Acinar cells secrete enzyme rich fluid

Ductal cells secrete bicarbonate rich fluid

116
Q

Function of bicarbonate in duodenum

A

Neutralize acidity of chyme
Block digestive peptic activity of gastric juices
Good environment for pancreatic enzymes

117
Q

Cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion (20%)

A

Nervous signal allow release of acetylcholine through vagus nerve
Only 20% of secretion

118
Q

Intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion

A

70% of secretion

CCK ( enzyme secretion ) and secretin (bicarbonate secretion) released

119
Q

Release of secretin stimulated by

A

Acid secrettion

120
Q

Release of CCk stimulated by

A

Fats and amino acids

121
Q

S cells release …

A

Secretin

122
Q

I cells release …

A

Cholecystokinin

123
Q

Cck action

A

Gall bladder contraction for bile secretion
Inhibition of stomach contraction
Enzymatic secretion from pancreas

124
Q

Gastrin family

A

Gastrin

CCK

125
Q

Secretin family

A

GIP
Glucagon
Secretin
VIP

126
Q

Form Of gastrin during fastin

A

G34

127
Q

Form of gastrin during meal

A

G17

128
Q

Prime mover muscles

A

Initiate and maintain movement

129
Q

Antagonist muscles

A

Initiate and maintain opposite movement

130
Q

Fixator muscles

A

Action of an antagonist and a prime mover at the same time stabilizing a joint

131
Q

Synergistic muscles

A

Assist in accomplishing a movement of a prime mover

132
Q

Muscles that elevate temporomandibular junction

A

Temporalis - close mouth

Masseter - close mouth and protraction

Medial pterygoid - protraction and elevation of mandible

133
Q

Temporomandibular joint depressors

A

Lateral pterygoid- opening of mouth

134
Q

4 phases of chewing cycle

A

Minimum opening - jaw moves slowly downwards

Faster opening

jaw moves fast upward for fast closing

Slow closing when food crushed

135
Q

Masticatory sequences

A

Preparatory sequence

Reduction period

Preswallowing period

136
Q

Preparatory sequence of mastication

A

Initial period where food gets to posterior teeth

137
Q

Reduction sequence of mastication

A

Food is grounded

138
Q

Pre swallowing period of mastication

A

Bolus is formed

139
Q

Movement of tongue during slow opening

A

Forward and expand beneath teeth

140
Q

Movement of tongue during fast opening

A

Hyoid bone and tongues retracts to move food to posterior oral cavity

141
Q

Role of tongue in mastication

A

Sort and collect food suitable for swallowing and return large pieces to occlusal table for more reduction

142
Q

Swallowing phases

A

Preparatory - bolus formation

Oral - bolus gets into pharynx in 0.5s

Pharyngeal- bolus transported to esophagus in 0.7s

Esophageal - bolus transported to stomach in 3.s if liquid and 9s if solid

143
Q

Number of muscles involves in swallowing

A

31

144
Q

Piston movement of tongue

A

Propel bolus from oropharynx to hyopharynx

145
Q

First muscle active in pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

Mylohyoid

146
Q

Salivary glands

A

Tubuloacinar exocrine glands in oral cavity which secrete saliva

147
Q

2 types of salivary glands

A

Major and minor

148
Q

Major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

149
Q

Serous salivary glands

A

Parotid

150
Q

Mixed salivary glands

A

Submandibular and subLingual

151
Q

Parotid glands facts

A

Largest salivary gland
60-65% total saliva
Pyramidal shape
Associated with facial nerve
Stenson’s duct opens at papilla in oral cavity
Glossopharyngeal nerve / Ariculotemporal nerve
External carotid artery / middle meninges artery
External jugular vein
Upper deep cervical drainage

152
Q

Submandibular facts

A

2-30% total saliva
At Posterior of mouth
Wharton’s duct - runs forward and beneath the tongue lateral to lingual frenum
Facial and lingual arteries
Submandibular nodes and deep cervical lymph
Para: facial nerve , lingual nerve , submandibular ganglion
Sympathetic : post ganglionic

153
Q

Sublingual gland facts

A 
Smallest 
2.5% of total saliva
Anterior part of floor of mouth 
Sublingual and submental arteries 
Submental lymph nodes 
Parasympathetic: facial nerve, lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion
Sympathetic : post ganglionic
154
Q

Role of mucin in mucus secretion

A

Lubrication
Effective barrier
Aggregation of microorganisms

155
Q

Composition of saliva

A

99-99.5% water

0.5-0.6% solids

156
Q

Role of stomach

A

Homogenize food
Regulate food entry to duodenum
Reservoir of food while preventing reflux of acid into esophagus
Clear undigested material and foreign material

157
Q

Saliva composition

A

99.5% water
Proteins (Enzymes, mucins , antibacterial agents, proline rich proteins, epidermal growth factor, ABO blood group substance)
Electrolytes (Sodium potassium chloride bicarbonate calcium )

158
Q

Functions of saliva

A 
Mucus moistens oral mucosa 
Moistens dry food
Cools hot food
Allow food to stimulate the taste buds
Buffering of oral cavity content
Digestion Of carbohydrates and fats
Controls bacterial flora of the oral cavity
Repair and mineralization of new teeth 
Form a protective pellicle over the teeth

Gastrointestinal Module (15 decks)

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