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Gastrointestinal Module > Git Physiology > Flashcards

Git Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Volume of fluid leaving and entering body everyday

A

9L

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2
Q

Different volumes of fluids entering body

A

2L of food and drinks

  1. 5L saliva
  2. 5L of bile from liver

2L stomach secretion

  1. 5L pancreatic secretion
  2. 5L intestinal secretion
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3
Q

Different volumes of fluids leaving body

A
  1. 5L absorption from small intestine
  2. 4L absorption from large intestine
  3. 1L excretion in feces
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4
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can absorbed in blood stream

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5
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from lumen of organs into the cells and then into the blood

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6
Q

Secretion

A

Process by which cells are discharged from a cell , a gland or an organ

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7
Q

What is the role of rugae of stomach

A

Increase surface are to allow higher rate of digestion

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8
Q

Where do you find payers patchers

A

Small intestine especially the ileum

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9
Q

Location of myenteric plexus

A

In muscularix external

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10
Q

Tonic contraction

A

Sustained contraction

Occur in the smooth muscle sphincter and the stomach and prevent the bolus from moving backward

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11
Q

Phasic contraction

A

Last only a few seconds and composed of peristalsis which allow food to move forward
Has segmentation which allow food to be mixed

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12
Q

Pathway of HCl secretion from parietal cells into lumen of stomach

A

Water produces H+ and OH- => H+ gets into lumen and form hydrogen part of HCl (ATP active anti port with K+ getting in the cell)

Carbonic anhydride and CO2 form HCO3 which comes out of cell allowing chloride to get into the cell (anti port active transporter)

Chloride in the cell get out in the lumen through a chloride channel and bind previous H+ to form HCl

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13
Q

Pathway of bicarbonate secretion from pancreas into duodenum or lumen of pancreas

A

Water and carbon dioxide form HCO3

HCO3 get into lumen meanwhile Cl gets into cell (anti port active transporter)

Calcium can come out again in lumen with help of CFTR Channel

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14
Q

What system integrate long reflexes

A

CNS

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15
Q

What system integrate short reflexes

A

ENS

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16
Q

Glucose polymers

A

Starch

Glycogen

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17
Q

Enzyme responsible for glucose polymer degradation

A

Amylase

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18
Q

Disaccharides

A

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

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19
Q

Disaccharidases

A

Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase

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20
Q

Maltose degradation product

A

2 glucose

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21
Q

Sucrose degradation product

A

Glucose

Fructose

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22
Q

Lactose degradation product

A

Glucose

Galactose

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23
Q

Glucose and galactose absorption pathway

A

Symport of Na and glucose and galactose in mucosa through SGLTransporter
Glut 2 transporter help transport glucose and galactose

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24
Q

Absorption of fructose pathway

A

Fructose gets in mucosa through glut5

Glut 2 helps transport fructose from mucosa to capillary

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25
Enzyme responsible for protein internal bond digestion
Endopeptidase
26
Exopeptidases acting in peptides digestion
Aminopeptidases on N terminal | Carboxypeptidase on C terminal
27
Dipeptides and tripeptides absorption pathway
Get into mucosa though H+ symport Get into blood through H+ anti port
28
Amino acids absorption pathway
Get into mucosa through Na+ symport Get into the blood through Na+ antiport
29
Small peptides absorption pathway
Get into cell through endocytosis | Get into blood through exocytosis
30
Enzyme responsible for lipid (TGs)digestion
Lipase and colipase
31
Function of bile on lipid
Emulsify lipids to increase the surface area so that more enzyme act on lipids
32
What molecules form chylomicrons
TGs, cholesterol, protein
33
How do fats micelles get into cells
Diffusion
34
How do cholesterol get into cells
Through transporter
35
Where is chylomicron released
Lymphatic system
36
Secretion in mouth
Saliva with amylase and lipase
37
Digestion in mouth
Carbohydrates and a little fats
38
Is there absorption in the mouth
No
39
Motility in the mouth
Mastication and swallowing
40
Motility in the stomach
Peristalsis
41
Secretion in stomach
``` HCl Pepsinogen Gastric lipase Mucus HCO3 Gastrin Histamine ```
42
Digestion in stomach
Carbohydrates Fats Polypeptides Nuclei acids
43
Absorption in stomach
Lipid soluble substances ( aspirin, alcohol)
44
Motility in the small intestine
Segmentation
45
Secretion in the small intestine
``` Enzymes HCO3 Bile Mucus Hormones Cck Secretin GIP ```
46
Digestion in the small intestine
Carbohydrates Fats Polypeptides Nucleic acids
47
Absorption in the small intestine
``` Peptides Fats Polypeptides Amino acids Glucose Fructose Water ```
48
Motility in the large intestine | S
Segmentation | Mass movement
49
Secretion in the large intestine
Mucus
50
Digestion in the large intestine
None except by bacteria
51
Absorption in the large intestine
``` Ion s Water Mineral Vitamins Small organic molecules ```
52
Is salivary secretion under autonomic or voluntary control
Autonomic
53
Cephalic phase enzyme in oral cavity
Salivary amylase | Salivary lipase
54
Mucous neck cell secrete .... for....
Bicarbonate And Mucus For physical barrier and buffering
55
Parietal cells secrete .... for ....
HCl And intrinsic factors HCl activates pepsin Intrisinc factors allow vit b12 absorption
56
ECL cells secrete ... for ...
Histamine | For HCl secretion
57
Chief cell secret ... for..
Pepsin and gastric lipase | For protein and fat digestion
58
D cells secrete ... for ..
Somatostatin | For acid secretion inhibition
59
G cells ... for ...
Gastrin for acid secretion stimulation
60
Parietal cells stimulated by ...
Acetylcholine Histamine Gastrin
61
Histamine release stimulated by
Acetylcholine
62
Chief cells stimulated by
Gastrin Acetylcholine Acid Secretin
63
Somatostatin release stimulated by
Acid
64
G cells stimulated by
Acetylcholine Peptides Amino acids
65
Action of chyme in duodenum on gastric motility and secretion
Inhibit gastric motility and secretion
66
Zymogens
Chymotrypsinogen Procarboxypeptidase Procolipase Prophospholipase
67
Activated enzymes in small intestine
Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase Lipase Phospholipase
68
What enzyme activate zymogens
Trypsin from trypsinogen
69
What enzyme activate trypsinogen to trypsin
Emdopeptidase in duodenal brush borders
70
Where does majority of digestion occur
Small intestine
71
What reflex occurs in large intestine
Defecation reflex
72
Name of invaginations in intestine
Crypts
73
Meissner plexus is found in the...
Submucosa
74
Which plexus is reponsible for GIT secretion
Meissner
75
Which plexus is responsible for motility in GIT
Myenteric (auerbach)
76
Proximal half of PARASYMPATHETIC innervated by ...
Vagus nerve
77
Distal half of PARASYMPATHETIC innervated by ...
Sacral plexus
78
Secretin secreted by ..
S cells
79
Secretin action
Inhibits gastric motility
80
Hormones stimulating insulin release
Secretin CCK Gastrin GIP
81
Sphincter of oddi controls flux of ...
Bile and pancreatic juices into small intestine
82
Part of molity under voluntary control
Ingestion Swallowing Defecation
83
Why is mastication important
Cut food into smaller pieces so that surface area for enzymes to work on is bigger
84
Nerves implicated into swallowing
Trigeminal Glossopharyngeal Vagus
85
3 stages of swallowing
Tongue pushes food against soft palate => swallowing reflex activated Soft palate pulled upward preventing reflux into nasal cavity Vocal cord approximated Larynx upwards , epiglottis closed Esophageal sphincter relaxes Pharynx contracts and push food forward
86
Hormonal factors increasing peristalsis
``` Gastrin CCK Insulin Modulin Serotonin ```
87
Hormones that decrease peristalsis
Secretin | Glucagon
88
Which of the anal muscles ( external or internal ) is under voluntary contr9l ?
External because skeletal muscle
89
Name of glands in the stomach
Gastric glands
90
Name of glands in duodenum
Brunners gland
91
Bile
Bitter tasting, dark green to yellow brown fluid produced by liver
92
Where is bile stored
Gall bladder
93
Where is bile discharged
Duodenum
94
Composition of bile
``` 85% water 10% bile salts 3% pigments 1% fats 0.7% inorganic salts 0.3% cholesterol ```
95
Where is bile stored and concentrated by water absorption
Gallbladder
96
pH of bile
Alkaline 7.8 - 8.6
97
Bile salts
Sodium and potassium salts
98
Bile pigments
Biliverdin | Bilirubin
99
Where are bile salts formed and from what
In liver Fromm cholesterol
100
Primary bile salts
Cheno nodeoxy cholic acid
101
Bile conjugation in liver
Cholic acid + taurine = taurocholic acid | Cholic acid + glycine =glycocholic acid
102
Secondary bile salts are ... and formed in ...
Formed in colon by colon bacteria Deoxy cholic acid Lithocholic acid
103
Percentage of bile in duodenum that is absorbed back into portal vein and go back to liver
90-95%
104
How is bile recycled
Via entero hepatic circulation
105
Amount of bile needed to digest normal meal
6-8gm
106
What gives yellow color to bile
The pigments
107
Functions of bile
Emulsification of fats Solubilization and transport of lipids in aqueous environment Cholesterol breakdown for bile acid synthesis
108
Hormones stimulating bile release into small intestine
CCK | Secretin
109
Gallstones
Small masses formed due to imbalance between components of bile
110
2 types of gallstones
Cholesterol | Pigment
111
Cholesterol stones
Cholesterol normally liquified by bile salts but if too much cholesterol or not enough bile salts , all of it won’t be liquified
112
Pigment stones
Excessive breakdown of RBC so increase level of bilirubin creating stones
113
Steatorrhea
If no bile produces, fat non digested and excreted into feces Feces would be white clay, greasy, difficultly flushable
114
Endocrine secretion of pancreas
Glucagon from alpha cells | Insulin from beta cells
115
Exocrine secretion of pancreas
Acinar cells secrete enzyme rich fluid | Ductal cells secrete bicarbonate rich fluid
116
Function of bicarbonate in duodenum
Neutralize acidity of chyme Block digestive peptic activity of gastric juices Good environment for pancreatic enzymes
117
Cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion (20%)
Nervous signal allow release of acetylcholine through vagus nerve Only 20% of secretion
118
Intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion
70% of secretion | CCK ( enzyme secretion ) and secretin (bicarbonate secretion) released
119
Release of secretin stimulated by
Acid secrettion
120
Release of CCk stimulated by
Fats and amino acids
121
S cells release ...
Secretin
122
I cells release ...
Cholecystokinin
123
Cck action
Gall bladder contraction for bile secretion Inhibition of stomach contraction Enzymatic secretion from pancreas
124
Gastrin family
Gastrin | CCK
125
Secretin family
GIP Glucagon Secretin VIP
126
Form Of gastrin during fastin
G34
127
Form of gastrin during meal
G17
128
Prime mover muscles
Initiate and maintain movement
129
Antagonist muscles
Initiate and maintain opposite movement
130
Fixator muscles
Action of an antagonist and a prime mover at the same time stabilizing a joint
131
Synergistic muscles
Assist in accomplishing a movement of a prime mover
132
Muscles that elevate temporomandibular junction
Temporalis - close mouth Masseter - close mouth and protraction Medial pterygoid - protraction and elevation of mandible
133
Temporomandibular joint depressors
Lateral pterygoid- opening of mouth
134
4 phases of chewing cycle
Minimum opening - jaw moves slowly downwards Faster opening jaw moves fast upward for fast closing Slow closing when food crushed
135
Masticatory sequences
Preparatory sequence Reduction period Preswallowing period
136
Preparatory sequence of mastication
Initial period where food gets to posterior teeth
137
Reduction sequence of mastication
Food is grounded
138
Pre swallowing period of mastication
Bolus is formed
139
Movement of tongue during slow opening
Forward and expand beneath teeth
140
Movement of tongue during fast opening
Hyoid bone and tongues retracts to move food to posterior oral cavity
141
Role of tongue in mastication
Sort and collect food suitable for swallowing and return large pieces to occlusal table for more reduction
142
Swallowing phases
Preparatory - bolus formation Oral - bolus gets into pharynx in 0.5s Pharyngeal- bolus transported to esophagus in 0.7s Esophageal - bolus transported to stomach in 3.s if liquid and 9s if solid
143
Number of muscles involves in swallowing
31
144
Piston movement of tongue
Propel bolus from oropharynx to hyopharynx
145
First muscle active in pharyngeal phase of swallowing
Mylohyoid
146
Salivary glands
Tubuloacinar exocrine glands in oral cavity which secrete saliva
147
2 types of salivary glands
Major and minor
148
Major salivary glands
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
149
Serous salivary glands
Parotid
150
Mixed salivary glands
Submandibular and subLingual
151
Parotid glands facts
Largest salivary gland 60-65% total saliva Pyramidal shape Associated with facial nerve Stenson’s duct opens at papilla in oral cavity Glossopharyngeal nerve / Ariculotemporal nerve External carotid artery / middle meninges artery External jugular vein Upper deep cervical drainage
152
Submandibular facts
2-30% total saliva At Posterior of mouth Wharton’s duct - runs forward and beneath the tongue lateral to lingual frenum Facial and lingual arteries Submandibular nodes and deep cervical lymph Para: facial nerve , lingual nerve , submandibular ganglion Sympathetic : post ganglionic
153
Sublingual gland facts
``` Smallest 2.5% of total saliva Anterior part of floor of mouth Sublingual and submental arteries Submental lymph nodes Parasympathetic: facial nerve, lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion Sympathetic : post ganglionic ```
154
Role of mucin in mucus secretion
Lubrication Effective barrier Aggregation of microorganisms
155
Composition of saliva
99-99.5% water 0.5-0.6% solids
156
Role of stomach
Homogenize food Regulate food entry to duodenum Reservoir of food while preventing reflux of acid into esophagus Clear undigested material and foreign material
157
Saliva composition
99.5% water Proteins (Enzymes, mucins , antibacterial agents, proline rich proteins, epidermal growth factor, ABO blood group substance) Electrolytes (Sodium potassium chloride bicarbonate calcium )
158
Functions of saliva
``` Mucus moistens oral mucosa Moistens dry food Cools hot food Allow food to stimulate the taste buds Buffering of oral cavity content Digestion Of carbohydrates and fats Controls bacterial flora of the oral cavity Repair and mineralization of new teeth Form a protective pellicle over the teeth ```

Gastrointestinal Module (15 decks)

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