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Geohazard > Volcanic Eruptions - VOLCANOES AND TYPES OF ERUPTION > Flashcards

Volcanic Eruptions - VOLCANOES AND TYPES OF ERUPTION Flashcards

1
Q

volcanic landforms (4 kabuok)

A

Lava Flow
Lava Dome
Continental Flood Basalt
Volcanoes

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2
Q

formed when lava eventually cools and solidifies into an igneous rock body

A

Lava Flow

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3
Q

two types of lava flow

A

aa ; pahoehoe

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4
Q

is a Hawaiian term for lava flows that have a rough rubbly surface composed of broken lava blocks

A

Aa

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5
Q

broken lava blocks are called

A

clinkers

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6
Q

is a Hawaiian word used to describe a lava flow with a smooth, ropy surface

A

pahoehoe

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7
Q

are steep-sided mounds that were formed from viscous lava (rhyolitic) and can act like a plug when it begins to solidify

A

lava domes

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8
Q

what type of magmas are lave domes made of?

A

rhyolitic

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9
Q

t or f: lava domes can act like a plug when it begins to solidify and thus allow pressure to build in the magma chamber and result in a more explosive eruption

A

T

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10
Q

example of a continental flood basalt

A

Deccan Traps, India

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11
Q

formed when large volumes of basaltic lava will flow onto the surface along large fracture zones

A

Continental flood basalt

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12
Q

an accumulation of extrusive materials around a vent through which lava, gas, or pyroclastic are ejected

A

volcanoes

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13
Q

continental flood basalts are formed when large volume of basaltic lava will flow onto the surface along ______

A

large fracture zones

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14
Q

t or f: volcanoes are accumulation of extrusive materials around a vent or sometimes a fault or fracture

A

T

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15
Q

volcanoes are accumulation of extrusive materials around a vent (sometimes a fault or fracture) through which ___, ___, or ___ are ejected

A

lava, gas, pyroclastics

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16
Q

three types of volcanic cones:

A

cinder
composite
shield

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17
Q

a volcanic vent can coincide with a fault or fracture, resulting in a linear extrusion known as

A

fissure eruption

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18
Q

relatively small and is formed when lava is ejected into the air and cools into pyroclastic material called cinders, which then fall and accumulate around the vent

A

cinder cones

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19
Q

t or f: cinder cones can be formed along another composite or shield volcano

A

T

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20
Q

example of a cinder cone volcano

A

Taal Volcano

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21
Q

composite cone volcanoes are also know as

A

stratovolcano

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22
Q

are cone-shaped volcanoes with steep slope

A

composite cone volcanoes

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23
Q

composite cone volcanoes consist of alternating layers of

A

pyroclastic material and lava flows

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24
Q

what type of magma is generally associated with composite cone volcanoes?

A

andesitic to felsic magmas

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25
Q

magmas in composite cone volcanoes are _____ and ____

A

viscous and gas-charged

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26
Q

examples of composite vocanoes

A

Mayon Volcano, Bicol Region
Mt. Fuji, Japan

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27
Q

type of volcano that are exceptionally large landforms composed primarily of basaltic lava flows

A

shield volcanoes

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28
Q

shield volcanoes has broad cross-sectional shape due to _______ which can travel considerable distances from the vent

A

low viscosity of basalt

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29
Q

shield volcanoes has a ______ type of eruption as basaltic magma contains low amount of dissolved gases and has low viscosity

A

quiescent

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30
Q

example of a shield volcano

A

Mauna Loa

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31
Q

t or f: shield volcanoes can be formed above a hotspot

A

T

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32
Q

what is the largest ACTIVE volcano on Earth

A

Mauna Loa

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33
Q

what is the most active volcano on earth

A

Mt. Etna ?

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34
Q

a circular depression where lava and pyroclastic material is being ejected

A

Crater

35
Q

a circular depression that forms after an eruption when large volumes of magma are ejected from a shallow magma chamber, leaving it empty and thus causing it to subside / collapse

A

caldera

36
Q

example of a filled caldera

A

Crater Lake in Cascade Range in Oregon

37
Q

how many active volcanoes in the Philippines?

A

24

38
Q

northernmost active volcano in the philippines

A

Mt. Iraya

39
Q

southernmost active volcano in the philippines

A

Mt. Bud Dajo

40
Q

Southernmost volcano in Luzon

A

Mt. Bulusan

41
Q

6 volcanoes along Philippine Trench

A

Mayon, Bulusan, Isarog, Iriga, Biliran, Cabalian

42
Q

westernmost volcano in the Philippines

A

Pinatubo

43
Q

easternmost volcano in the Philippines

A

Leonard Kniaseff

44
Q

top 6 most active volcanoes in the Philippines

A

Mayon, Taal, Pinatubo, Bulusan, Hibok-hibok, Kanlaon

45
Q

mt. apo is what kind of volcano based on how active it is

A

potentially active

46
Q

what is the nearest active volcano to Davao City

A

Lake Leonard Kniaseff

47
Q

morphologically young looking but with no historical or analytical records of eruption

A

Potentially active

48
Q

no recorded eruptions, physical form has been intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies

A

inactive

49
Q

erupted within the last 10,000 years

A

active

50
Q

a zone of molten material where magma accumulates and occurs at a considerable depth

A

magma chamber

51
Q

the ______ caused by the overlying rock gives the molten material within the magma chamber a tremendous amount of _____

A

confining pressure ; fluid pressure

52
Q

as magma rises and encounters less confining pressure, it _______ on the surrounding rocks, thereby creating ____ and ____ and subsequent ______.

A

expands and pushes outwards;

fractures and faults;

earthquakes

53
Q

these provide pathway for the magma to the surface

A

fractures and faults

54
Q

if the overlying rock at some point can no longer capable of containing the ______, then significant amount of magma can make its way to the surface resulting in a ______

A

fluid pressure ; volcanic eruption

55
Q

volcanic eruptions occur when

A

pressurized magma breaches the surface

56
Q

are associated with more viscous and gas-charged magmas in which the dissolved gases rapidly decompress, ejecting rocks and ash into the atmosphere

A

Explosive eruptions

57
Q

are associated with hot fluid magma containing less dissolved gas, in which case generates lava fountains and lava flows

A

nonexplosive eruptions or quiescent eruption

58
Q

quiescent eruptions generate

A

lava fountains and lava flows

59
Q

t or f: subduction zone volcanoes tend to erupt in an explosive manner because their andesitic magmas usually contain large volumes of gas (mostly carbon dioxide)

A

F (mostly water vapor)

60
Q

hot spot volcanoes located in the interior or plate also erupt in a _____ manner, as their rhyolitic magmas usually contain _____

A

violent ; abundant water

61
Q

pulverized rock that is ejected along with the lava is collectively know as

A

pyroclastic material

62
Q

are solidified lava and pulverized rock

A

tephra

63
Q

it is the finest volcanic material and can travel hundreds, even thousands of miles before falling back to Earth’s surface

A

volcanic ash

64
Q

ways to classify pyroclastic deposits and rock

A
  1. grain size
  2. grain size mixture
  3. components
65
Q

grain size of common pyroclastic deposits and rocks

A

> 64 mm - blocks, bomb
64-2 mm - Lapillus
2 - 1/16mm - Coarse ash
<1/16 mm - Fine ash

66
Q

term used for consolidated ash

A

Tuff

67
Q

term used for consolidated materials if >64mm and composed of 75% bombs

A

agglomerate

68
Q

term used for consolidated blocks and bombs

A

pyroclastic breccia

69
Q

term used for consolidated lapillus

A

lapillistone

70
Q

term used for unconsolidated lapillus

A

lapilli tephra

71
Q

unconsolidated blocks and bombs

A

agglomerate

72
Q

what is the pyroclastic debris compose of 15% ash , 60% lapilli and 15% blocks/bombs

A

lapilli-tuff

73
Q

it is a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions

A

volcanic explosivity index (VEI)

74
Q

who devised VEI and when was it

A

Stephen Self and Chris Newhall, 1982

75
Q

one of the frontrunner during Mt. Pinatubo eruption, who prevented thousands of death by looking at precursors of the volcanic eruption

A

Chris Newhall

76
Q

VEI range

A

0-8

77
Q

VEI of yellowstone caldera

A

8

78
Q

VEI of Tambora, 1815

A

7

79
Q

VEI of Pinatubo (1991) and Krakatau (1883)

A

6

80
Q

two submarine volcanoes in the Philippines

A

Smith and Didicas

81
Q

a type of volcanic eruption that takes place in shallow seas or lakes. It is named after an island off the southern coast of Iceland

A

Surtseyan Eruption

82
Q

also known as Mount Babuyan, is a cinder cone on Babuyan Island, the northernmost of the Babuyan group of islands on Luzon Strait

A

Smith Volcano

83
Q

Was a submarine volcano and is an active volcanic island in the province of Cagayan in northern Philippines.

A

Didicas Volcano

84
Q

Didicas volcano emerged in ____

A

1952

Geohazard (25 decks)

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