Introduction to Geohazard Flashcards
a process or phenomenon that may pose a threat to human lives and or properties
hazard
are geological processes or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts
geohazards
t or f: risk can be totally eliminated
F not totally
the potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assests
risk
risk is a function of:
hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and capacity
risk formula
risk = probablity of hazard occuring x expected impacts
risk that are not totally eliminated even after several measures
residual risk
two types of risk
acceptable and residual
risk is a function of
hazard, vulnerability, exposure, and capacity
a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events
disaster
disaster are hazardous events interacting with conditions of:
exposure, vulnerability, and capacity
a type of disaster that emerges gradually
slow-onset disaster or (incremental processes)
a type of disaster that occurs suddenly
sudden-onset disaster (sporadic processes)
disaster leads to one or more of the following losses and impacts
human, material, economic, and environmental losses and impact
a type of disaster that is triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly
sudden-onset disaster (sporadic processes)
a disaster that emerges gradually overtime
slow-onset disaster (incremental processes)
examples of slow-onset disasters:
drought, desertification, sea-level rise, epidemic disease
examples of sudden-onset disasters
earthquake, volcanic eruption, flash flood, chemical explosion, critical infrastructure failure, transport accident
susceptibility is related to
spatial aspects of hazard
related to spatial aspects of hazard, tendency of an area to undergo the effects of hazards
susceptibility or exposure
degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitudes/scales
susceptibility
ability of the population to cope or prepare to the effects or impacts of a hazard
adaptive capacity
degree of inability to resist to the effects/impacts of a hazard or to respond when a disaster has occured
vulnerability
t or f: vulnerability and adaptive capacity have inverse relationship
T
lenses of vulnerability
physical, social, economic, environmental, or industrial
vulnerability is a function of
adaptive capacity, susceptibility, and sensitivity
do hazards always lead to disaster?
NO
geologic processes that affect every human on earth
natural hazards
t or f: natural hazards are least noticeable when they cause loss of life or property
F (most noticeable)
in minimizing risk, we need to understand something about the _______, and understand the _______ for the process
processes that operate ; energy required
other disasters that are directly generated by humans
technological disasters
types of natural hazards
geologic
hydrometeorologic
anthropogenic
others
question we hope to answer for each possible natural disasters are:
a.) where is each type of hazard likely to be present and why?
b.) how often do these hazards develop into disasters?
c.) how can each type of disaster be predicted or mitigated?
most common geohazards
mass wasting
earthquake
volcanic eruption
floods
tsunami
without humans hazards are only
natural events
_____ can be developed to minimize the risk of hazards
mitigation measures
natural hazards operating in the atmosphere
hydrometeorologic hazards
types of hydrometeorologic hazards
typhoon, drought, tornadoes, lightning and thunderstorn
hazards that don’t fall in any categories
other natural hazards (insect infestations, disease/viruses, wildfires)
hazards that occur as a result of human interaction with the environment
anthropogenic hazards
occur due to exposure to hazardous substances, such as radon, mercury, asbestos
technological hazards
examples of hazards that have formed through human interaction
acid rain, global warning, contamination of surface waters
occur as a result of the process itself
eg. water damage due to a flood, collapse of buildings due to an earthquake
primary effects
occur only because a primary effect has caused them
fires by earthquakes, disruption of electrical power as a result of earthquake
secondary effect
are long term effects that are set off as a result of a primary event
loss of habitat cause by flood, permanent changes in the position of river channel
Tertiary effects
involves not only the assessment of hazards from a scientific point of view but also, socio-economic impacts of a hazardous event
risk assessment
hazard assessment involves:
a.) when and where in the past
b.) severity of physical effects of past hazards
c.) frequency of occurrence
d.) likely effects if it were to happen now
e.) make information public
risk assessment involves:
a.) hazard assessment
b.) location of buildings
c.) potential exposure
d.) vulnerability of the community
a statement of probability that an event will occur based on scientific observation
Prediction
such observation of prediction involves:
monitoring of processes that will identify precursor events
an anomalous small physical change that may be known to lead a more devastating event
precursor events
refers to short term prediction of floods, hurricanes, and other weather related phenomena
forecast
t or f: for weather related phenomena, forecast is used for short-term prediction of magnitude, location, date and time of an event
T
t of f: forecast are used in earthquakes in a less precise way, it refers to long term probability that is specific in terms of the exact time that the event will occur
F (not exact)
1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake is also known as
World Series Earthquake
t or f: in terms of earthquake, forecast is used in a less precise way, and is not specific in terms of the exact time that the event will occur
t
a ____ is a statement that a high probability of a
hazardous event will occur, based on a ____ or ____.
warning
prediction ; forecast
prior to loma prieta earthquake, the USGS had forecast a ____ probability that a large earthquake would occur in this area within the next _____ years
50% ; 30
rainfall warning by pagasa
malakas <15 mm/hr
matindi 15-30 mm/hr
walang humpay >30 mm/hr
PAGASA stand for?
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
PHIVOLCS stand for?
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
NDRRMC stand for?
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
MGB stands for?
Mines and Geosciences Bureau
the effectiveness of a warning depends on
timeliness of warning;
effective communications and public information system;
credibility of sources
responsibilities of scientists
hazard assessment
prediction
reduction of risk
early warning
communication
responsibilities of public officials
risk assessment
planning and code nforcement
early warning
respponse
communication
_______ and ______ should make information known to public officials for dissemination to the general public
scientists and engineers
scientists with access to monitoring and hazard information should help develop ______ to effectively communicate such warnings to Public officials resposible
early warnings
responsibilities of citizens
undestanding of hazards
understanding of early warning systems
communication
Public officials need to work with scientists and engineers to help reduce vulnerability by making _________ and ______ that help reduce risk an dvulnerability
planning decisions (zoning laws) ; building codes
