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First Aid Stuff I Don't Know > Vol. III - Cardiovascular and Pharm > Flashcards

Vol. III - Cardiovascular and Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

role of diuretics in HF

A

symptom management

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2
Q

high pitched “blowing” early diastolic decrescendo

A

aortic regurgitation

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3
Q

Left horn of sinus venosus becomes

A

coronary sinus

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4
Q

Use of Class IB anti-arrhythmics

A

Acute ventricular arrhythmias esp post MI

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5
Q

How do we prevent cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Nimodipine

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6
Q

Class 3 anti-arrhythmic mechanism

A

K channel blockers –> increased Ap duration, ERP, and QT interval

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7
Q

Fixed splitting is heard in

A

ASD

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8
Q

3rd aortic arch becomes

A

Common carotid

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9
Q

treatment for primary hypertension

A

Thiazide diuretics, ACE-i/ARBs, Ca channel blockers

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10
Q

Pathology 2-several weeks post MI

A

contracted scar is complete

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11
Q

Continuous machine like murmur, loudest at S2

A

patent ductus arteriosus

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12
Q

Primitive pulmonary vein becomes

A

smooth part of left atrium

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13
Q

Causes of tricuspid regurgitation

A

RV dilation and Rheumatic fever

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14
Q

Drug induced long QT –> Torsades risk

A

ABCDEF: antiArrhythmics (Ia and III), antiBiotics (macrolides and fluorquinolones), Anti”C”ychotics (haloperidol, ziprasidone), antiDepressants (TCAs), antiEmetics (odansetron), antiFungals (azoles)

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15
Q

6th aortic arch becomes

A

proximal pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

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16
Q

Abnormalities associates with failure of neural crest migration

A

Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosis

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17
Q

Causes of mitral regurgitation

A

Ischemic heart disease post mI, LV dilation, Rheumatic fever

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18
Q

systolic crescendo-decrescendo that radiates to the carotids, loudest at base of heart

A

Aortic stenosis

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19
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy findings

A

S4, systolic murmur, possible mitral regurg

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20
Q

Frequency of left to right sunts

A

VSD > ASD > PDA

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21
Q

Pathology 1-3 days post MI

A

Coagulative necrosis and acute inflammation with neutrophils

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22
Q

late systolic crescendo with mid-systolic click, best heard over apex

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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23
Q

Opening snap followed by mid to late diastolic rumble

A

mitral stenosis

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24
Q

pacemaker action potential phases

A

0: voltage gated Ca
3: repolarization via K efflux
4: spontaneous depolarization b/c of funny Na/K channels

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25
Things that increase contractility
Beta 1 activation by cathecholamines, increased Ca, decreased extracellular Na, Digoxin
26
right horn of sinus venosus becomes
smooth part of the right atrium
27
cardiovascular complication of syphilis
aortic atrophy and dilation, can lead to calcification
28
treatment for htn with diabetes
ACE-i/ARBs first line, Ca channel blockers, thiazides, Beta blockers (can mask hypoglycemia though)
29
Pathology 3-14 days post MI
macrophage infiltration followed by granulation tissue at the margins
30
Class IC anti-arrhythmics
Flecainide, propafenone
31
Use of Class IA anti-arrhythmics
both atrial and ventricular, esp. SVT and VT
32
2nd aortic arch becomes
Stapedial and hyoid arteries
33
Class IA anti-arrhythmics
Quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide
34
Pericardium is innervated by
Phrenic nerve
35
Fick principle
CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous O2 content)
36
Rheumatic fever pathogenesis
Type II hypersensitivity - Ab to M protein cross react with self antigen, often myosin
37
Use of Class IC anti-arrhythmics
SVT, including afib, contraindicated post MI
38
Paradoxical splitting is heard in
Conditions that delay aortic valve closure (aortic stenosis and left bundle branch block)
39
Treatment for Torsades de pointes
magnesium sulfate
40
Dilated cardiomyopathy findings
HF, S3, systolic regurg murmur
41
Conduction pathway
SA node --> atria --> AV node --> bundle of His --> bundle branches --> purkinje fibers --> ventricles
42
Tetralogy of Fallot
most common cause of early childhood cyanosis | PROVe: Pulmonary stenosis, RVH, Overriding aorta, VSD
43
Class 4 anti-arrhythmic mechanism
Ca channel blockers --> decreased conduction velocity
44
S1 is
the mitral valve closing
45
Class 3 anti-arrhythmics
AIDS: amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol
46
Right common and anterior cardinal vein becomes
SVC
47
Lithium exposure in utero causes
Ebstein anomaly: tricuspid valve is displaced down into RV
48
Things that decrease contractility
B1 blockade, HF with systolic dysfunction, acidosis, hypoxia, Ca channel blockers
49
Rhythm control in Torsades
Mg
50
Persistent truncus arteriosus
TA doesn't divide into pulmonary trunk and aorta
51
Causes of aortic regurgitation
BEAR: Bicuspid valve, endocarditis, aortic root dilation, rheumatic fever
52
TAPVR
Pulmonary vein enters right heart, associated with ASD and PDA
53
Causes of aortic stenosis
age related calcification, or calcification of bicuspid aortic valve
54
Transposition of the great vessels
Not compatible with life without a shunt (circulations are separate)
55
Dressler syndrome
occurs several weeks post MI, autoimmune process resulting in fibrinous pericarditis
56
Pathology 0-24 hrs post MI
Wavy fibers or no change (0-4 hrs), early coag negrosis (4-24 hrs)
57
Digoxin antidote
slowly normalize K, cardiac pacer, anti-dig Ab fragments, Mg
58
Flow is proportional to
r^4
59
Congenital long QT syndromes
loss of K channel function
60
Which Ca channel blockers are cardioselective (nondihydropyrdines)
diltiazem and verapamil
61
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy leads to
diastolic dysfunction
62
tachyphylactic means
there is an acute decrease in response to a drug after initial/repeated administration
63
treatment for htn with asthma
ARBs, Ca channel blockers, thiazides, cardioselective beta blockers
64
PDA is maintained by
PGE and low O2 tension
65
Mycoardial action potential channels per phase
0: Na 1: Na is inactivated, K opens 2: Ca influx balances K efflux 3: Massive K efflux via delayed rectifying channels 4: High K permeability maintains resting potential
66
4th aortic arch becomes
aortic arch, and proximal subclavian
67
Tricuspid atresia requires
ASD and VSD for viability
68
Class 1 anti-arrhythmic mechanism
Na channel blockers --> decrease slope of phase 0
69
Truncus arteriosus becomes
ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
70
Umbilical vein becomes
Ligamentum teres
71
coronary blood flow to LV and septum peaks in
early diastole
72
Drugs that decrease HF mortality
ACE-Is or ARBs, beta blockers (not acute though), and spironolactone
73
holosystolic high pitched, "blowing murmur"
Mitral/tricuspid regurgitation (mitral also radiates to axilla
74
physiological S2 splitting is due to
delayed pulmonic valve closure (b/c of increased venous return on inspiration)
75
Class 2 anti-arrhythmic mechanism
beta blockers --> decrease SA and AV node via decreased cAMP and Ca
76
treatment for hypertension with HF
Thiazide diuretics, ACE-i/ARBs, beta blockers (compensated), aldosterone antagonists
77
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
Ventricular septal defect
78
treatment for beta blocker overdose
saline, atropine, glucagon
79
in 1st order kinetics, half life =
0.7 x Vd / Cl
80
Class IB anti-arrhythmics
Lidocaine, phenytoin, mexiletine
81
Wide S2 splitting is seen in
conditions that delay RV emptying (pulmonary stenosis, and right bundle branch block)
82
Class 2 anti-arrhythmics (beta blockers)
metoprolol, propranolol, esmolol, atenolol, timolol, carvedilol
83
Brugada syndrome
AD loss of function in Na channels --> ICD to prevent SCD
84
Medication to close a patent ductus arteriosus
Indomethacin
85
Hydralazine acts via
increased cGMP --> afterload reduction
86
Bacterial endocarditis presentation
FROM JANE: Fever, Roth Spots, Osler Nodes, Murmur, Janeway lesions. Anemia, Nail-bed hemorrhage, Emboli
87
holosystolic, harsh sounding murmur, loudest at tricuspid
Ventricular septal defect
88
Treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
stop high intensity workouts, beta-blockers or verapamil, avoid decreasing preload.
89
Use of class 2 anti-arrhythmic
SVT, rate control for a fib/flutter
90
Pericarditis causes referred pain to
neck, arms, or shoulders
91
treatment for htn in pregnancy
New Moms Love Hugs: Nifedipine, methyldopa, labetelol, hydralazine
92
JONES criteria for Rheumatic heard disease
Joints, heart, Nodules, Erythema marginatum, Sydenham chorea
93
S2 is
the aortic valve closing
94
Congenital right to left shunts
5 T's: Truncus arteriosus, transposition, tricuspid atresia, tetralogy of fallot, TAPVR
95
1st aortic arch becomes
Maxillary artery
96
Treatment of type A aortic dissection
surgery (ascending aorta is involved in A)
97
Treatment of type B aortic dissecttion
Beta blockers for type B, then vasodilators (di-later-s)
98
Dilated cardiomyopathy leads to
systolic dysfunction
99
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
most common ventricular pre-excitation syndrome, may cause SVT. Abnormal conduction bypasses AV node --> early ventricular depolarization (delta wave) --> wide QRS.
100
What type of muscle has Ca induced Ca release
Cardiac
101
Posterior, subcardinal, and supracardinal veins become
IVC
102
Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy
Na restriction, ACE-I, spironolactone, digoxin

First Aid Stuff I Don't Know (10 decks)

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