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first aid stuff i don't know > Drugs - Mechanisms I > Flashcards

Drugs - Mechanisms I Flashcards

1
Q

methotrexate

A

inhibits dihydrofolate reducatase in humans

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2
Q

Class IC antiarrhythmic contraindication

A

ischemic and structural heart disease

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3
Q

amiodarone

A

Class III antiarrhythmic (K channel)

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4
Q

-navir drugs

A

protease inhibitors

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5
Q

Tizanidine

A

alpha 2

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6
Q

Pilocarpine

A

mimics ACh (but AChE resistant) –> constricts ciliary muscle

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7
Q

Ethambutol

A

blocks arabinosyltransferase –> decreased carbohydrate polymerization in cell wall

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8
Q

Cylcosporine

A

binds cyclophilin –> Calcineurin inhibition –> no IL-2

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9
Q

-glitazone

A

thiazolidinediones, activate PPAR gamma –> increase insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels

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10
Q

Sacubitril

A

neprilysin inhibitor –> prevents degradation of bradykinin, ANP, BNP, A2

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11
Q

Milrinone

A

PDE3 inhibitor (used in acute decomp HF with shock)

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12
Q

2,4-dinitrophenol

A

increased mitochondrial membrane permeability –> uncoupling

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13
Q

Solifenacin

A

antimuscarinic (bladder)

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14
Q

Carbapenems

A

block peptidoglycan cross linking

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15
Q

Tacrolimus

A

binds FK506 –> caclineurin inhibition –> no IL-2

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16
Q

Norepinephrine

A

alpha 1 > alpha 2 > beta 1 –> increased BP –> reflex decreased HR

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17
Q

Terbinafine

A

blocks Lanosterol synthesis (squalene epoxidase)

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18
Q

phentolamine

A

reversible nonselective alpha blocker

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19
Q

Carvedilol anf Labetalol

A

non selective alpha and beta antagonists

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20
Q

NPH

A

intermediate acting insulin

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21
Q

Sirolimus (Rapamycin)

A

mTOR inhibitor, binds FKBP –> no IL-2 response

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22
Q

Class IB antiarrhythmics

A

Weak Na channel blockade –> preferentially decrease AP duration in ischemic tissue (use post MI)

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23
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

inhibit NF-kappaB –> decreased cyokines and increase T cell apoptosis

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24
Q

Niacin

A

inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue and reduces hepatic VLDL synthesis –> LDL down, HDL up, TG somewhat down

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25
Q

Enfuvirtide

A

binds gp40 –> blocks HIV viral fusion

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26
Q

Cephalosporins

A

block peptidoglycan cross linking

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27
Q

Class IC antiarrhythmics

A

Strong Na channel blockade –> selectively prolongs AP ERP in AV node and accessory tracts

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28
Q

edrophonium

A

anticholinesterase

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29
Q

Echinocandins

A

blocks fungal cell wall synthesis (beta-glucan)

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30
Q

detemir

A

long acting insulin

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31
Q

Ipratropium

A

antimuscarinic

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32
Q

Foscarnet

A

DNA pol inhibitor

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33
Q

PCSK9 inhibitors

A

block LDL receptor degradation –> removal of LDL from bloodstream (and some tg)

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34
Q

Acyclovir

A

guanosine analog

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35
Q

metformin (a biguanide)

A

inhibits mGDP –> inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis

increases glycolysis and insulin sensitivity

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36
Q

Dantrolene

A

blocks Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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37
Q

Dapsone

A

block PABA –> DHF (folate synthesis)

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38
Q

Monobactams (aztreonam)

A

block peptidoglycan cross linking

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39
Q

Chloroquine

A

blocks heme –> hemozoin detoxification –> heme is toxic to plasmodia

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40
Q

febuxostat

A

xanthine oxidase inhibitor

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41
Q

Name the bile acid resins

A

cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam

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42
Q

Carbachol

A

mimics ACh (but AChE resistant)

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43
Q

Dipyradimole

A

inhibits platelet aggregation (nonspecific PDE inh)

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44
Q

Ribovirin

A

blocks guanine synthesis

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45
Q

Class II antiarrhythmics

A

beta blockers –> decrease cAMP and Ca in SA and AV nodes

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46
Q

Palivizumab

A

anti RSV F protein monoclonal

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47
Q

trimethoprim

A

inhibits dihydrofolate reducatase in bacteria

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48
Q

Oligomycin

A

ETC complex V (ATPsynthase) inhibitor

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49
Q

Secukinumab

A

anti IL-17 monoclonal

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50
Q

Methacholine

A

Cholinomimetic –> activates muscarinics in the airway

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51
Q

galantamine

A

anticholinesterase

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52
Q

regular insulin is…

A

short acting

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53
Q

Linezolid

A

Targets 50S subunit

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54
Q

Daptomycin

A

disrupts membrane integrity (gram +)

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55
Q

antiarrhythmic channel target pneumonic

A

they’re in order of molecular number (1, 3, 4 = Na, K, Ca)

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56
Q

Isoproterenol

A

beta 1 = beta 2 –> decreased BP, increased HR and CO (can worsen ischemia)

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57
Q

Pembrolizumab

A

anti PD-1 monoclonal

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58
Q

Omalizumab

A

anti IgE monoclonal

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59
Q

Oxybutynin

A

antimuscarinic (bladder)

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60
Q

-tegravir drugs

A

integrase inhibitors

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61
Q

Clindamycin

A

Targets 50S subunit

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62
Q

glycopyrrolate

A

antimuscarinic

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63
Q

Lispro

A

Rapid insulin

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64
Q

Verapamil

A

nondihydropyridine Ca channel blocker –> acts on heart (Type IV anti-arrhythmic)

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65
Q

Phenylephrine

A

alpha 1 > alpha 2 –> increased BP –> decreased HR

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66
Q

Sulfonamides

A

block PABA –> DHF (folate synthesis)

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67
Q

Dofetilide

A

Class III antiarrhythmic (K channel)

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68
Q

Rifampin

A

inhibits RNA pol

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69
Q

epinephrine

A

low dose: beta > alpha –> increased HR and CO
high dose: alpha > beta –> increased BP
(stronger beta 2 than norepi)

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70
Q

Theophyline

A

nonspecific PDE inhibitor –> increased cAMP –> smooth muscle relaxation –> bronchodilation

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71
Q

Quinidine

A

Class IA antiarrhythmic (moderate Na channe block)

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72
Q

leflunomide

A

inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase –> blocks pyrimidine synthesis

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73
Q

Ibutilide

A

Class III antiarrhythmic (K channel)

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74
Q

Lidocaine

A

Class IB antiarrhythmic (weak Na channel block)

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75
Q

Rotenone

A

ETC complex I inhibitor

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76
Q

Fibrates

A

activate PPAR-alpha –> upregulate LPL –> increased TG clearance (also LDL loss and HDL synthesis)

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77
Q

Mirtazapine

A

selective alpha 2 blocker

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78
Q

Roflumilast

A

PDE4 inhibitor –> increased cAMP (used in COPD)

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79
Q

Eculizumab

A

anti Complement C5 monoclonal

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80
Q

Ezetimibe

A

Prevents cholesterol absorption at the brush border

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81
Q

Tolterodine

A

antimuscarinic (bladder)

82
Q

Gesulkumab

A

anti IL-23 monoclonal

83
Q

Albuterol, Salmeterol, and Terbutaline

A

beta 2 > beta 1

84
Q

-asvir

A

Hep C NS5A inhibitors

85
Q

Lubiprostone

A

causes chloride efflux into lumen –> Na and water follow –> laxative effect

86
Q

-buvir

A

Hep C NS5B inhibitors

87
Q

Ipilimumab

A

anti CTLA-4 monoclonal

88
Q

guanfacine

A

alpha 2

89
Q

Metronidazole

A

free radical DNA damage

90
Q

Bacitracin

A

blocks peptidoglycan synthesis

91
Q

Glulisine

A

Rapid insulin

92
Q

Bethanechol

A

mimics ACh (but AChE resistant) –> activates bladder smooth muscle

93
Q

Maraviroc

A

binds CCR5 –> blocks HIV viral attachment via gp120

94
Q

Isoniazid

A

blocks mycolic acid synthesis

95
Q

Just for fun name the Aminoglycocides

A

Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin

96
Q

name the 2nd gen Sunfonylureas

A

Glipizide, Glyburide

97
Q

Mebendazole

A

inhibits microtubules in helminths

98
Q

Class IV antiarrhythmics

A

nondyhdropyramidine Ca channel blockers –> decrease conduction velocity and increase ERP and PR interval

99
Q

Ixekizumab

A

anti IL-17 monoclonal

100
Q

Penicillins

A

block peptidoglycan cross linking

101
Q

Ivabrandine

A

inhibits funny Na channels –> prolongs phase IV

102
Q

Dobutamine

A

beta 1 > beta 2, alpha –> increased HR and CO

103
Q

Etanercept

A

Decoy TNF-alpha receptor

104
Q

-stigmine

A

anticholinesterase

105
Q

Bile Acid Resins

A

prevent reabsorption of bile acids –> liver uses cholesterol to make more –> decrease in LDL

106
Q

organophosphates

A

irreversible AChE inhibitors

107
Q

Nivolumab

A

anti PD-1 monocolonal

108
Q

Azoles

A

block ergosterol synthesis (14-alpha-demethylase. a CYP450 enzyme)

109
Q

disulfuram

A

blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

110
Q

6-mercaptopurine

A

inhibits de novo purine synthesis

111
Q

cardiac glycosides (digoxin and digitoxin)

A

inhibit Na/K ATPase –> indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchange –> increased intracellular Ca and contractility

112
Q

Penytoin

A

Class IB antiarrhythmic (weak Na channel block)

113
Q

fomepizole

A

blocks alcohol dehydrogenase

114
Q

Polymyxins

A

disrupts membrane integrity (gram -)

115
Q

ribavirin

A

inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase –> blocks IMP to GMP conversion (purines)

116
Q

Scopolamine

A

antimuscarinic

117
Q

Statins

A

HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors –> increased LDL receptor recycling –> large decrease in LDL, small increase in HDL and decrease in TG

118
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Targets 30S subunit

119
Q

remdesivir

A

adenosine analog

120
Q

hyoscamine

A

antimuscarinic

121
Q

Vedolizumab

A

anti alpha4 integrin monoclonal

122
Q

Diltiazem

A

nondihydropyridine Ca channel blocker –> acts on heart (Type IV anti-arrhythmic)

123
Q

hydralazine

A

increased cGMP –> smooth muscle relaxes –> dilation of arterioles (–> compensatory tachycardia)

124
Q

Polyenes (ampho B and nystatin)

A

binds erogosterol and forms pores –> disrupt fungal cell membrane integrity

125
Q

Propafenone

A

Class IC antiarrhythmic

126
Q

Bentropine

A

antimuscarinic

127
Q

Denosumab

A

anti RANKL monoclonal

128
Q

ephedrine

A

indirect general agonist and releases stores

129
Q

-dipine

A

dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker (L type) –> act on vascular smooth muscle

130
Q

Ranolazine

A

inhibits late phase of inward Na –> reduced diastolic wall tension and O2 consumption

131
Q

Aminoglycocides

A

Targets 30S subunit

132
Q

allopurinol

A

xanthine oxidase inhibitor

133
Q

Baloxavir

A

Endonuclease inhibitor (RNA pol)

134
Q

Basiliximab

A

anti-IL2R monoclonal

135
Q

Vancomycin

A

blocks peptidoglycan synthesis

136
Q

Class IA antiarrhythmics

A

moderate Na channel blockade –> increased AP duration, ERP –> increased QT interval

137
Q

Digoxin

A

direct inhibition of Na/K ATPase –> increased intracellular Ca

138
Q

Natalizumab

A

anti alpha4 integrin monoclonal

139
Q

name the 1st gen Sulfonylureas

A

chlorpropamide

140
Q

Streptogramins (-prisins)

A

Targets 50S subunit

141
Q

-afil

A

PDE5 inhibitors –> increased cGMP –> increased NO

142
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

inhibit DNA Gyrase

143
Q

Disopyramide

A

Class IA antiarrhythmic (moderate Na channel block)

144
Q

Cilastozol

A

inhibits platelet aggregation (PDE3 inhibitor)

145
Q

clonidine

A

alpha 2 –> lower BP

146
Q

Glycyclines (Tigecycline)

A

Targets 30S subunit

147
Q

Rifamycins (Rifampin)

A

Inhibit DNA-dependent RNA pol

148
Q

5-FU

A

inhibits thymidylate synthase

149
Q

alpha-methydopa

A

alpha 2

150
Q

Adenosine

A

increased K efflux –> hyperpolarization –> decreased AV node conduction (very rapid)

151
Q

mycophenylate

A

inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase –> blocks IMP to GMP conversion (purines)

152
Q

Oseltamavir/Zanamivir

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors

153
Q

Midodrine

A

alpha 1 –> increased BP, decreased HR

154
Q

nitrates

A

vasodilation via NO (preferentially veins)

155
Q

Procainamide

A

Class IA antiarrhythmic (moderate Na channel block)

156
Q

Mirabegron

A

beta 3

157
Q

Antimycin A

A

ETC complex III inhibitor

158
Q

Flavoxate

A

antimuscarinic (bladder)

159
Q

azothioprine

A

6-MP prodrug –> inhibits de novo purine synthesis

160
Q

Ustekinumab

A

anti IL-12/23 monoclonal

161
Q

Magnesium

A

effect in torsades de pointes

162
Q

Fenoldopam

A

D1 –> vasodilation and natriureses –> decreased BP, increased HR and CO

163
Q

Adalimumab

A

anti TNF-alpha monoclonal

164
Q

Praladoxime

A

regenerates AChE (if given early)

165
Q

glargine

A

long acting insulin

166
Q

pentostatin

A

Inhibits ADA

167
Q

infliximab

A

anti TNF-alpha monoclonal

168
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

irreversible nonselective alpha blocker

169
Q

Sotalol

A

Class III antiarrhythmic (K channel)

170
Q

Cocaine

A

indirect general agonist and reuptake inhibitor (don’t give with a beta blocker –> unrestrained alpha)

171
Q

-olol and starts with A-M

A

beta 1 selective blocker

172
Q

Cidofovir

A

DNA pol inhibitor

173
Q

Emecizumab

A

anti factor X and IX monoclonal –> mimics factor VIII

174
Q

Class III antiarrhythmics

A

Target K channels –> increased AP duration, ERP, and QT interval

175
Q

Macrolides (azithro-, clarithro-, and erythromycin)

A

Targets 50S subunit

176
Q

Dopamine

A

low dose: D > beta > alpha –> increased HR and CO

high dose: D > alpha > beta –> increased BP

177
Q

Atropine

A

antimuscarinic

178
Q

hydroxyurea

A

inhibits ribonucleotide reductase

179
Q

Flucytosine

A

blocks fungal DNA synthesis

180
Q

Mexiletine

A

Class IB antiarrhythmic (weak Na channel block)

181
Q

amphetamines

A

catecholamine reuptake inhibitors and releases stores

182
Q

Aspart

A

Rapid insulin

183
Q

Flecainide

A

Class IC antiarrhythmic (strong Na channel block)

184
Q

Nitroprusside

A

cGMP –> NO –> short acting vasodilator

185
Q

For fun name the NNRTIs

A

Delaviridine, Efavirenz, Nevirapine

186
Q

propantheline

A

antimuscarinic

187
Q

Ganciclovir

A

guanosine analog

188
Q

pyrimethamine

A

inhibits dihydrofolate reducatase in protozoa

189
Q

propylthiouracil

A

inhibits thyroid peroxidase and peripheral T4 conversion

190
Q

-previr

A

Hep C NS3/4A inhibitors

191
Q

capecitabine

A

5-FU prodrug –> inhibits thymidylate synthase

192
Q

-osin

A

selective alpha 1 blocker

193
Q

cladribine

A

Inhibits ADA

194
Q

Griseofulvin

A

interferes with michotubule function

195
Q

Donepezil

A

anticholinesterase

196
Q

-olol and starts with N-Z

A

nonselective beta blocker

197
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Targets 50S subunit

198
Q

Methimazole

A

inhibits thyroid peroxidase

199
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

Close K channels on Beta cells –> depolarization –> insulin release via increased Ca influx

200
Q

aspirin overdose

A

increased mitochondrial membrane permeability –> uncoupling

first aid stuff i don't know (10 decks)

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