Drugs - Mechanisms I Flashcards
1
Q
methotrexate
A
inhibits dihydrofolate reducatase in humans
2
Q
Class IC antiarrhythmic contraindication
A
ischemic and structural heart disease
3
Q
amiodarone
A
Class III antiarrhythmic (K channel)
4
Q
-navir drugs
A
protease inhibitors
5
Q
Tizanidine
A
alpha 2
6
Q
Pilocarpine
A
mimics ACh (but AChE resistant) –> constricts ciliary muscle
7
Q
Ethambutol
A
blocks arabinosyltransferase –> decreased carbohydrate polymerization in cell wall
8
Q
Cylcosporine
A
binds cyclophilin –> Calcineurin inhibition –> no IL-2
9
Q
-glitazone
A
thiazolidinediones, activate PPAR gamma –> increase insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels
10
Q
Sacubitril
A
neprilysin inhibitor –> prevents degradation of bradykinin, ANP, BNP, A2
11
Q
Milrinone
A
PDE3 inhibitor (used in acute decomp HF with shock)
12
Q
2,4-dinitrophenol
A
increased mitochondrial membrane permeability –> uncoupling
13
Q
Solifenacin
A
antimuscarinic (bladder)
14
Q
Carbapenems
A
block peptidoglycan cross linking
15
Q
Tacrolimus
A
binds FK506 –> caclineurin inhibition –> no IL-2
16
Q
Norepinephrine
A
alpha 1 > alpha 2 > beta 1 –> increased BP –> reflex decreased HR
17
Q
Terbinafine
A
blocks Lanosterol synthesis (squalene epoxidase)
18
Q
phentolamine
A
reversible nonselective alpha blocker
19
Q
Carvedilol anf Labetalol
A
non selective alpha and beta antagonists
20
Q
NPH
A
intermediate acting insulin
21
Q
Sirolimus (Rapamycin)
A
mTOR inhibitor, binds FKBP –> no IL-2 response
22
Q
Class IB antiarrhythmics
A
Weak Na channel blockade –> preferentially decrease AP duration in ischemic tissue (use post MI)
23
Q
Glucocorticoids
A
inhibit NF-kappaB –> decreased cyokines and increase T cell apoptosis
24
Q
Niacin
A
inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue and reduces hepatic VLDL synthesis –> LDL down, HDL up, TG somewhat down
25
Enfuvirtide
binds gp40 --> blocks HIV viral fusion
26
Cephalosporins
block peptidoglycan cross linking
27
Class IC antiarrhythmics
Strong Na channel blockade --> selectively prolongs AP ERP in AV node and accessory tracts
28
edrophonium
anticholinesterase
29
Echinocandins
blocks fungal cell wall synthesis (beta-glucan)
30
detemir
long acting insulin
31
Ipratropium
antimuscarinic
32
Foscarnet
DNA pol inhibitor
33
PCSK9 inhibitors
block LDL receptor degradation --> removal of LDL from bloodstream (and some tg)
34
Acyclovir
guanosine analog
35
metformin (a biguanide)
inhibits mGDP --> inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
| increases glycolysis and insulin sensitivity
36
Dantrolene
blocks Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
37
Dapsone
block PABA --> DHF (folate synthesis)
38
Monobactams (aztreonam)
block peptidoglycan cross linking
39
Chloroquine
blocks heme --> hemozoin detoxification --> heme is toxic to plasmodia
40
febuxostat
xanthine oxidase inhibitor
41
Name the bile acid resins
cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam
42
Carbachol
mimics ACh (but AChE resistant)
43
Dipyradimole
inhibits platelet aggregation (nonspecific PDE inh)
44
Ribovirin
blocks guanine synthesis
45
Class II antiarrhythmics
beta blockers --> decrease cAMP and Ca in SA and AV nodes
46
Palivizumab
anti RSV F protein monoclonal
47
trimethoprim
inhibits dihydrofolate reducatase in bacteria
48
Oligomycin
ETC complex V (ATPsynthase) inhibitor
49
Secukinumab
anti IL-17 monoclonal
50
Methacholine
Cholinomimetic --> activates muscarinics in the airway
51
galantamine
anticholinesterase
52
regular insulin is...
short acting
53
Linezolid
Targets 50S subunit
54
Daptomycin
disrupts membrane integrity (gram +)
55
antiarrhythmic channel target pneumonic
they're in order of molecular number (1, 3, 4 = Na, K, Ca)
56
Isoproterenol
beta 1 = beta 2 --> decreased BP, increased HR and CO (can worsen ischemia)
57
Pembrolizumab
anti PD-1 monoclonal
58
Omalizumab
anti IgE monoclonal
59
Oxybutynin
antimuscarinic (bladder)
60
-tegravir drugs
integrase inhibitors
61
Clindamycin
Targets 50S subunit
62
glycopyrrolate
antimuscarinic
63
Lispro
Rapid insulin
64
Verapamil
nondihydropyridine Ca channel blocker --> acts on heart (Type IV anti-arrhythmic)
65
Phenylephrine
alpha 1 > alpha 2 --> increased BP --> decreased HR
66
Sulfonamides
block PABA --> DHF (folate synthesis)
67
Dofetilide
Class III antiarrhythmic (K channel)
68
Rifampin
inhibits RNA pol
69
epinephrine
low dose: beta > alpha --> increased HR and CO
high dose: alpha > beta --> increased BP
(stronger beta 2 than norepi)
70
Theophyline
nonspecific PDE inhibitor --> increased cAMP --> smooth muscle relaxation --> bronchodilation
71
Quinidine
Class IA antiarrhythmic (moderate Na channe block)
72
leflunomide
inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase --> blocks pyrimidine synthesis
73
Ibutilide
Class III antiarrhythmic (K channel)
74
Lidocaine
Class IB antiarrhythmic (weak Na channel block)
75
Rotenone
ETC complex I inhibitor
76
Fibrates
activate PPAR-alpha --> upregulate LPL --> increased TG clearance (also LDL loss and HDL synthesis)
77
Mirtazapine
selective alpha 2 blocker
78
Roflumilast
PDE4 inhibitor --> increased cAMP (used in COPD)
79
Eculizumab
anti Complement C5 monoclonal
80
Ezetimibe
Prevents cholesterol absorption at the brush border
81
Tolterodine
antimuscarinic (bladder)
82
Gesulkumab
anti IL-23 monoclonal
83
Albuterol, Salmeterol, and Terbutaline
beta 2 > beta 1
84
-asvir
Hep C NS5A inhibitors
85
Lubiprostone
causes chloride efflux into lumen --> Na and water follow --> laxative effect
86
-buvir
Hep C NS5B inhibitors
87
Ipilimumab
anti CTLA-4 monoclonal
88
guanfacine
alpha 2
89
Metronidazole
free radical DNA damage
90
Bacitracin
blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
91
Glulisine
Rapid insulin
92
Bethanechol
mimics ACh (but AChE resistant) --> activates bladder smooth muscle
93
Maraviroc
binds CCR5 --> blocks HIV viral attachment via gp120
94
Isoniazid
blocks mycolic acid synthesis
95
Just for fun name the Aminoglycocides
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin
96
name the 2nd gen Sunfonylureas
Glipizide, Glyburide
97
Mebendazole
inhibits microtubules in helminths
98
Class IV antiarrhythmics
nondyhdropyramidine Ca channel blockers --> decrease conduction velocity and increase ERP and PR interval
99
Ixekizumab
anti IL-17 monoclonal
100
Penicillins
block peptidoglycan cross linking
101
Ivabrandine
inhibits funny Na channels --> prolongs phase IV
102
Dobutamine
beta 1 > beta 2, alpha --> increased HR and CO
103
Etanercept
Decoy TNF-alpha receptor
104
-stigmine
anticholinesterase
105
Bile Acid Resins
prevent reabsorption of bile acids --> liver uses cholesterol to make more --> decrease in LDL
106
organophosphates
irreversible AChE inhibitors
107
Nivolumab
anti PD-1 monocolonal
108
Azoles
block ergosterol synthesis (14-alpha-demethylase. a CYP450 enzyme)
109
disulfuram
blocks acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
110
6-mercaptopurine
inhibits de novo purine synthesis
111
cardiac glycosides (digoxin and digitoxin)
inhibit Na/K ATPase --> indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchange --> increased intracellular Ca and contractility
112
Penytoin
Class IB antiarrhythmic (weak Na channel block)
113
fomepizole
blocks alcohol dehydrogenase
114
Polymyxins
disrupts membrane integrity (gram -)
115
ribavirin
inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase --> blocks IMP to GMP conversion (purines)
116
Scopolamine
antimuscarinic
117
Statins
HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors --> increased LDL receptor recycling --> large decrease in LDL, small increase in HDL and decrease in TG
118
Tetracyclines
Targets 30S subunit
119
remdesivir
adenosine analog
120
hyoscamine
antimuscarinic
121
Vedolizumab
anti alpha4 integrin monoclonal
122
Diltiazem
nondihydropyridine Ca channel blocker --> acts on heart (Type IV anti-arrhythmic)
123
hydralazine
increased cGMP --> smooth muscle relaxes --> dilation of arterioles (--> compensatory tachycardia)
124
Polyenes (ampho B and nystatin)
binds erogosterol and forms pores --> disrupt fungal cell membrane integrity
125
Propafenone
Class IC antiarrhythmic
126
Bentropine
antimuscarinic
127
Denosumab
anti RANKL monoclonal
128
ephedrine
indirect general agonist and releases stores
129
-dipine
dihydropyridine Ca channel blocker (L type) --> act on vascular smooth muscle
130
Ranolazine
inhibits late phase of inward Na --> reduced diastolic wall tension and O2 consumption
131
Aminoglycocides
Targets 30S subunit
132
allopurinol
xanthine oxidase inhibitor
133
Baloxavir
Endonuclease inhibitor (RNA pol)
134
Basiliximab
anti-IL2R monoclonal
135
Vancomycin
blocks peptidoglycan synthesis
136
Class IA antiarrhythmics
moderate Na channel blockade --> increased AP duration, ERP --> increased QT interval
137
Digoxin
direct inhibition of Na/K ATPase --> increased intracellular Ca
138
Natalizumab
anti alpha4 integrin monoclonal
139
name the 1st gen Sulfonylureas
chlorpropamide
140
Streptogramins (-prisins)
Targets 50S subunit
141
-afil
PDE5 inhibitors --> increased cGMP --> increased NO
142
Fluoroquinolones
inhibit DNA Gyrase
143
Disopyramide
Class IA antiarrhythmic (moderate Na channel block)
144
Cilastozol
inhibits platelet aggregation (PDE3 inhibitor)
145
clonidine
alpha 2 --> lower BP
146
Glycyclines (Tigecycline)
Targets 30S subunit
147
Rifamycins (Rifampin)
Inhibit DNA-dependent RNA pol
148
5-FU
inhibits thymidylate synthase
149
alpha-methydopa
alpha 2
150
Adenosine
increased K efflux --> hyperpolarization --> decreased AV node conduction (very rapid)
151
mycophenylate
inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase --> blocks IMP to GMP conversion (purines)
152
Oseltamavir/Zanamivir
Neuraminidase inhibitors
153
Midodrine
alpha 1 --> increased BP, decreased HR
154
nitrates
vasodilation via NO (preferentially veins)
155
Procainamide
Class IA antiarrhythmic (moderate Na channel block)
156
Mirabegron
beta 3
157
Antimycin A
ETC complex III inhibitor
158
Flavoxate
antimuscarinic (bladder)
159
azothioprine
6-MP prodrug --> inhibits de novo purine synthesis
160
Ustekinumab
anti IL-12/23 monoclonal
161
Magnesium
effect in torsades de pointes
162
Fenoldopam
D1 --> vasodilation and natriureses --> decreased BP, increased HR and CO
163
Adalimumab
anti TNF-alpha monoclonal
164
Praladoxime
regenerates AChE (if given early)
165
glargine
long acting insulin
166
pentostatin
Inhibits ADA
167
infliximab
anti TNF-alpha monoclonal
168
Phenoxybenzamine
irreversible nonselective alpha blocker
169
Sotalol
Class III antiarrhythmic (K channel)
170
Cocaine
indirect general agonist and reuptake inhibitor (don't give with a beta blocker --> unrestrained alpha)
171
-olol and starts with A-M
beta 1 selective blocker
172
Cidofovir
DNA pol inhibitor
173
Emecizumab
anti factor X and IX monoclonal --> mimics factor VIII
174
Class III antiarrhythmics
Target K channels --> increased AP duration, ERP, and QT interval
175
Macrolides (azithro-, clarithro-, and erythromycin)
Targets 50S subunit
176
Dopamine
low dose: D > beta > alpha --> increased HR and CO
| high dose: D > alpha > beta --> increased BP
177
Atropine
antimuscarinic
178
hydroxyurea
inhibits ribonucleotide reductase
179
Flucytosine
blocks fungal DNA synthesis
180
Mexiletine
Class IB antiarrhythmic (weak Na channel block)
181
amphetamines
catecholamine reuptake inhibitors and releases stores
182
Aspart
Rapid insulin
183
Flecainide
Class IC antiarrhythmic (strong Na channel block)
184
Nitroprusside
cGMP --> NO --> short acting vasodilator
185
For fun name the NNRTIs
Delaviridine, Efavirenz, Nevirapine
186
propantheline
antimuscarinic
187
Ganciclovir
guanosine analog
188
pyrimethamine
inhibits dihydrofolate reducatase in protozoa
189
propylthiouracil
inhibits thyroid peroxidase and peripheral T4 conversion
190
-previr
Hep C NS3/4A inhibitors
191
capecitabine
5-FU prodrug --> inhibits thymidylate synthase
192
-osin
selective alpha 1 blocker
193
cladribine
Inhibits ADA
194
Griseofulvin
interferes with michotubule function
195
Donepezil
anticholinesterase
196
-olol and starts with N-Z
nonselective beta blocker
197
Chloramphenicol
Targets 50S subunit
198
Methimazole
inhibits thyroid peroxidase
199
Sulfonylureas
Close K channels on Beta cells --> depolarization --> insulin release via increased Ca influx
200
aspirin overdose
increased mitochondrial membrane permeability --> uncoupling
