Vocabulary Quiz #8

Question 1

socialized medicine:

Answer 1

health services for all citizens provided by government assistance

Question 2

social security:

Answer 2

government programs that provide social welfare measures such as old-age pensions and sickness, accident, and disability insurance

Question 3

Socratic method:

Answer 3

a form of teaching that uses a question-and-answer format to enable students to reach conclusions by using their own reasoning

Question 4

Sophists:

Answer 4

wandering scholars and professional teachers in ancient Greece who stressed the importance of rhetoric and tended toward skepticism and relativism

Question 5

soviets:

Answer 5

councils of workers’ and solders’ deputies formed throughout Russia in 1917 that played an important role in the Bolshevik Revolution

Question 6

sphere of influence:

Answer 6

a territory or region over which an outside nation exercises political or economic influence

Question 7

squadristi:

Answer 7

in Italy in the 1920s, bands of armed Fascists used to create disorder by attacking Socialist offices and newspapers

Question 8

stagflation:

Answer 8

a combination of high inflation and high unemployment that was prevalent in the United States and elsewhere from 1973 to the mid-1980s

Question 9

Stalinization:

Answer 9

the adoption by Eastern European Communist countries of features of the economic, political, and military policies implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union

Question 10

Stoicism:

Answer 10

a philosophy founded by Zeno in the fourth century B.C.E. that taught that happiness could be obtained by accepting one’s lot and living in harmony with the will of God, thereby achieving inner peace

Question 11

subinfeudation:

Answer 11

the practice whereby a lord’s greatest vassals subdivided their fiefs and had vassals of their own, who in turn subdivided their fiefs, and so on down to simple knights, whose fiefs were too small to subdivide

Question 12

suffrage:

Answer 12

the right to vote

Question 13

suffragists:

Answer 13

advocates of extending the right to vote to women

Question 14

sultan:

Answer 14

“holder of power.” A title taken by Turkish leaders who took command of the Abbasid Empire in 1055

Question 15

Sunnites:

Answer 15

members of the largest tradition in Islam, from which the Shi’ites split in the seventh century as a result of a dispute over the succession

Question 16

surplus value:

Answer 16

in Marxism, the difference between a product’s real value and the wages of the worker who produced the product

Question 17

Surrealism:

Answer 17

an artistic movement that arose between World War I and World War II. Surrealists portrayed recognizable objects in unrecognizable relationships in order to reveal the world of the unconscious

Question 18

syncretism:

Answer 18

the combining of different forms of belief or practice, as, for example, when two gods are regarded as different forms of the same underlying divine force and are fused together

Question 19

tariffs:

Answer 19

duties (taxes) imposed on imported goods, usually to raise revenue and to discourage imports and protect domestic industries

Question 20

tetrarchy:

Answer 20

rule by four; the system of government established by Diocletian (284-305) in which the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, each ruled by an “Augustus” assisted by a “Caesar”

Question 21

theocracy:

Answer 21

a government ruled by a divine authority

Question 22

Third Estate:

Answer 22

one of the traditional tripartite divisions (orders) of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing into the eighteenth century; consisted of all who were not members of the clergy or nobility (the first two estates)

Question 23

three-field system:

Answer 23

in medieval agriculture, the practice of dividing the arable land into three fields so that one could lie fallow while the others were planted in winter grains and spring crops

Question 24

tithe:

Answer 24

a portion of one’s harvest or income, paid by medieval peasants` to the village church

Question 25

Torah:

Answer 25

the body of law in Hebrew Scripture, contained in the Pentateuch (the first five ebooks of the Hebrew Bible)

Question 26

totalitarian state:

Answer 26

a state characterized by government control over all aspects of economic, social, political, cultural, and intellectual life; the subordination of the individual to the state; and insistence that the masses by actively involved in the regime’s goals

Question 27

total war:

Answer 27

warfare in which all of a nation’s resources, including civilians at home as well as soldiers in the field, are mobilized for the war effort

Question 28

trade union:

Answer 28

an association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions

Question 29

transformism:

Answer 29

the theory that societies evolve gradually

Question 30

transnational corporation:

Answer 30

another term for “a multinational corporation,” or a company with divisions in more than two countries

Question 31

transubstantiation:

Answer 31

a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus

Question 32

trench warfare:

Answer 32

warfare in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed wire; a characteristic of World War I

Question 33

triangular trade:

Answer 33

a pattern of trade in early modern Europe that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in an Atlantic economy

Question 34

tribunes of the plebs:

Answer 34

beginning in 494 B.C.E., Roman officials who were given the power to protect plebeians against arrest by patrician magistrates

Question 35

trivium:

Answer 35

grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic; three of the seven liberal arts (the others made up the quadrivium) that were the basis of medieval and early modern education

Question 36

Truman Doctrine:

Answer 36

the doctrine, enunciated by Harry Truman in 1947, that the United States would provide economic aid to countries that said they were threatened by Communist expansion

Question 37

tyrant:

Answer 37

in an ancient Greek polis (or an Italian city-state during the Renaissance), a ruler who came to power in an unconstitutional way and ruled without being subject to the law

Question 38

ultraroyalists:

Answer 38

in nineteenth-century France, a group of aristocrats who sought to return to a monarchical system dominated by a landed aristocracy and the Catholic Church

Question 39

uncertainty principle:

Answer 39

a principle in quantum mechanics, posited by Heisenberg, that holds that one cannot determine the path of an electron because the very act of observing the electron would affect its location

Question 40

unconditional surrender:

Answer 40

complete, unqualified surrender of a belligerent nation

Question 41

utopian socialists:

Answer 41

intellectuals and theorists who favoured equality in social an economic conditions and wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation

Question 42

vassalage:

Answer 42

the granting of a fief, or landed estate, in exchange for providing military services to the lord and fulfilling certain other obligations such as appearing at the lord’s court when summoned and making a payment on the knighting of the lord’s eldest son

Question 43

vernacular:

Answer 43

the everyday language of a region, as distinguished from a language used for special purposes. For example, in medieval Paris, French was the vernacular, but Latin was used for academic writing and for classes at the University of Paris

Question 44

viceroy:

Answer 44

the administrative head of the provinces of new Spain and Peru in the Americas

Question 45

volkish thought:

Answer 45

the belief that German culture is superior and that the German people have a universal mission to save Western civilization from “inferior” races

Question 46

war communism:

Answer 46

Lenin’s policy of nationalizing industrial and other facilities and requisitioning the peasant’s produce during the civil war in Russia

Question 47

War Guilt Clause:

Answer 47

the clause in the Treaty of Versailles that declared the Germany (with Austria) was responsible for starting World War I and ordered Germany to pay reparations for the damage the Allies had suffered as a result of the war

Question 48

Warsaw Pact:

Answer 48

a military alliance, formed in 1955, in which Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union agreed to provide mutual assistance

Question 49

welfare state:

Answer 49

a sociopolitical system in which the government assumes primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens by providing such things as social security, unemployment benefits, and health care

Question 50

wergeld:

Answer 50

“money for a man” In early Germanic law, a person’s value in monetary terms, paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person who had been injured or killed

Question 51

world-machine:

Answer 51

Newton’s conception of the universe as one huge, regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion

Question 52

wrought iron:

Answer 52

a high-quality iron first produced during the eighteenth century in Britain; manufactured by puddling, a process developed by Henry Cort that involved using coke to burn away the impurities in pig iron

Question 53

zemstvos:

Answer 53

local assemblies established in Russia in 1864 by Tsar Alexander II

Question 54

ziggurat:

Answer 54

a massive stepped tower on which a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city was built

Question 55

Zionism:

Answer 55

an international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palestine

Question 56

Zollverein:

Answer 56

the customs union of all the German states except Austria, formed by Prussia in 1834

Question 57

Zoroastrianism:

Answer 57

a religion founded by the Persian Zoroaster in the seventh century B.C.E., characterized by worship of a supreme god, Ahuramazda, who represents the good against the evil spirit, identified as Ahriman