Vocabulary Quiz #4

Question 1

gymnasium:

Answer 1

in Classical Greece, a place for athletics; in the Hellenistic Age, a secondary school with a curriculum centred on music, physical exercise, and literature

Question 2

heliocentric conception:

Answer 2

the belief that the sun, not the earth, is at the centre of the universe

Question 3

Hellenistic:

Answer 3

literally, “imitating the Greeks”; the era after the death of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread into the Near East and blended with the culture of that region

Question 4

helots:

Answer 4

serfs in ancient Sparta who were permanently bound to the land that they worked for their Spartan masters

Question 5

heresy:

Answer 5

the holding of religious doctrines different from the official teachings of the church

Question 6

Hermeticism:

Answer 6

an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution

Question 7

hetairai:

Answer 7

highly sophisticated courtesans in ancient Athens who offered intellectual and musical entertainment as well as sex

Question 8

hieroglyphics:

Answer 8

a pictorial system of writing used in ancient Egypt

Question 9

high culture:

Answer 9

the literary and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling classes

Question 10

Holocaust:

Answer 10

the mass slaughter of European Jews by the Nazis during World War II

Question 11

home rule:

Answer 11

in the United Kingdom, self-government by having a separate parliament but not complete independence

Question 12

hominids:

Answer 12

the earliest humanlike creatures. They flourished in East and South Africa as long as 3 to 4 million years ago.

Question 13

hoplites:

Answer 13

heavily armed infantry soldiers in ancient Greece who entered battled in a phalanx formation

Question 14

Huguenots:

Answer 14

French Calvinists

Question 15

humanism:

Answer 15

an intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on the study of the Greek and Roman classics

Question 16

iconoclasm:

Answer 16

a movement against the use of icons (pictures of sacred figures) in the eighth-century Byzantine Empire

Question 17

iconoclast:

Answer 17

a member of an eighth-century Byzantine movement against the use of icons, which was condemned as idolatry

Question 18

ideology:

Answer 18

a political philosophy such as conservatism or liberalism

Question 19

imperium:

Answer 19

in the Roman Republic, the right to command troops that belonged to the chief executive officers (consuls and praetors); a military commander was known as an imperator. In the Roman Empire, the title imperator (emperor) came to be used for the ruler

Question 20

Impressionism:

Answer 20

an artistic movement that originated in France in the 1870s. Impressionists sought to capture their impressions of the changing effects of light on objects in nature.

Question 21

individualism:

Answer 21

emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person

Question 22

indulgence:

Answer 22

in Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Christian church in the High Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther’s reform movement in the sixteenth century.

Question 23

infanticide:

Answer 23

the practice of killing infants

Question 24

inflation:

Answer 24

a sustained rise in the price level

Question 25

intendants:

Answer 25

royal officials in seventeenth-century France who were sent into the provinces to execute the orders of the central government

Question 26

interdict:

Answer 26

in the Catholic Church, a censure by which a region or country is deprived of receiving the sacraments

Question 27

intervention, principle of:

Answer 27

the idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones

Question 28

isolationism:

Answer 28

a foreign policy in which a nation refrains from making alliances or engaging actively in international affairs

Question 29

Janissaries:

Answer 29

an elite core of eight thousand troops personally loyal to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire

Question 30

jihad:

Answer 30

“striving in the way of the Lord”. In Islam, the attempt to achieve personal betterment, although it can also mean fair, defensive fighting to preserve one’s life and one’s faith

Question 31

joint-stock company:

Answer 31

a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company

Question 32

joint-stock investment bank:

Answer 32

a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than private banks owned by one or a few individuals

Question 33

justification:

Answer 33

the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation, teaching that humans are saved not through good works but by the grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus

Question 34

Kulturkampf:

Answer 34

“culture conflict.” The name given to Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church in Germany, has come to refer to conflict between church and state anywhere

Question 35

laissez-faire:

Answer 35

“let (them) do (as they please).” An economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served when the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand

Question 36

latifundia:

Answer 36

large landed estates in the Roman empire (singular: latifundium)

Question 37

lay investiture:

Answer 37

the practice in which someone other than a member of the clergy chose a bishop and invested him with the symbols of both his temporal office and his spiritual office; led to the Investiture Controversy, which was ended by compromise in the Concordat of Worms in 1122

Question 38

Lebensraum:

Answer 38

“living space.” The doctrine, adopted by Hitler, that a nation’s power depends on the amount of land it occupies. Thus, a nation must expand to be strong.

Question 39

legitimacy, principle of:

Answer 39

the idea that after the Napoleonic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions; guided Metternich at the Congress of Vienna

Question 40

Leninism:

Answer 40

Lenin’s revision of Marxism that held that Russia need not experience a bourgeois revolution before it could move toward socialism

Question 41

liberal arts:

Answer 41

the seven areas of study that formed the basis of education in medieval and early modern Europe. Following Boethius and other late Roman authors, the consisted of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic (the trivium) and arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (the quadrivium)

Question 42

liberalism:

Answer 42

an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. Economic liberalism is the idea that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy. Political liberalism is the idea that there should be restraints on the exercise of power so that the people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly

Question 43

limited monarchy (constitutional monarchy):

Answer 43

a system of government in which the monarch is limited by a representative assembly and by the duty to rule in accordance with the laws of the land

Question 44

major domus:

Answer 44

the chief officer of the king’s household in the Frankish kingdom

Question 45

mandates:

Answer 45

a system established after World War I whereby a nation officially administered a territory (mandate) on behalf of the League of Nations. Thus, France administered Lebanon and Syria as mandates, and Britain administered Iraq and Palestine

Question 46

Mannerism:

Answer 46

a sixteenth-century artistic movement in Europe that deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

Question 47

manor:

Answer 47

an agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants who performed labour services and paid various rents and fees to the lord in exchange for protection and sustenance