Vocabulary Quiz #4 Flashcards
gymnasium:
in Classical Greece, a place for athletics; in the Hellenistic Age, a secondary school with a curriculum centred on music, physical exercise, and literature
heliocentric conception:
the belief that the sun, not the earth, is at the centre of the universe
Hellenistic:
literally, “imitating the Greeks”; the era after the death of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread into the Near East and blended with the culture of that region
helots:
serfs in ancient Sparta who were permanently bound to the land that they worked for their Spartan masters
heresy:
the holding of religious doctrines different from the official teachings of the church
Hermeticism:
an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution
hetairai:
highly sophisticated courtesans in ancient Athens who offered intellectual and musical entertainment as well as sex
hieroglyphics:
a pictorial system of writing used in ancient Egypt
high culture:
the literary and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling classes
Holocaust:
the mass slaughter of European Jews by the Nazis during World War II
home rule:
in the United Kingdom, self-government by having a separate parliament but not complete independence
hominids:
the earliest humanlike creatures. They flourished in East and South Africa as long as 3 to 4 million years ago.
hoplites:
heavily armed infantry soldiers in ancient Greece who entered battled in a phalanx formation
Huguenots:
French Calvinists
humanism:
an intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on the study of the Greek and Roman classics
iconoclasm:
a movement against the use of icons (pictures of sacred figures) in the eighth-century Byzantine Empire
iconoclast:
a member of an eighth-century Byzantine movement against the use of icons, which was condemned as idolatry
ideology:
a political philosophy such as conservatism or liberalism
imperium:
in the Roman Republic, the right to command troops that belonged to the chief executive officers (consuls and praetors); a military commander was known as an imperator. In the Roman Empire, the title imperator (emperor) came to be used for the ruler
Impressionism:
an artistic movement that originated in France in the 1870s. Impressionists sought to capture their impressions of the changing effects of light on objects in nature.
individualism:
emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person
indulgence:
in Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular practice of the Christian church in the High Middle Ages, and their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther’s reform movement in the sixteenth century.
infanticide:
the practice of killing infants
inflation:
a sustained rise in the price level
intendants:
royal officials in seventeenth-century France who were sent into the provinces to execute the orders of the central government
interdict:
in the Catholic Church, a censure by which a region or country is deprived of receiving the sacraments
intervention, principle of:
the idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones
isolationism:
a foreign policy in which a nation refrains from making alliances or engaging actively in international affairs
Janissaries:
an elite core of eight thousand troops personally loyal to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire
jihad:
“striving in the way of the Lord”. In Islam, the attempt to achieve personal betterment, although it can also mean fair, defensive fighting to preserve one’s life and one’s faith
joint-stock company:
a company or association that raises capital by selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their investment while a board of directors runs the company
joint-stock investment bank:
a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than private banks owned by one or a few individuals
justification:
the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation, teaching that humans are saved not through good works but by the grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus
Kulturkampf:
“culture conflict.” The name given to Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church in Germany, has come to refer to conflict between church and state anywhere
laissez-faire:
“let (them) do (as they please).” An economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served when the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand
latifundia:
large landed estates in the Roman empire (singular: latifundium)
lay investiture:
the practice in which someone other than a member of the clergy chose a bishop and invested him with the symbols of both his temporal office and his spiritual office; led to the Investiture Controversy, which was ended by compromise in the Concordat of Worms in 1122
Lebensraum:
“living space.” The doctrine, adopted by Hitler, that a nation’s power depends on the amount of land it occupies. Thus, a nation must expand to be strong.
legitimacy, principle of:
the idea that after the Napoleonic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions; guided Metternich at the Congress of Vienna
Leninism:
Lenin’s revision of Marxism that held that Russia need not experience a bourgeois revolution before it could move toward socialism
liberal arts:
the seven areas of study that formed the basis of education in medieval and early modern Europe. Following Boethius and other late Roman authors, the consisted of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic (the trivium) and arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music (the quadrivium)
liberalism:
an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. Economic liberalism is the idea that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy. Political liberalism is the idea that there should be restraints on the exercise of power so that the people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly
limited monarchy (constitutional monarchy):
a system of government in which the monarch is limited by a representative assembly and by the duty to rule in accordance with the laws of the land
major domus:
the chief officer of the king’s household in the Frankish kingdom
mandates:
a system established after World War I whereby a nation officially administered a territory (mandate) on behalf of the League of Nations. Thus, France administered Lebanon and Syria as mandates, and Britain administered Iraq and Palestine
Mannerism:
a sixteenth-century artistic movement in Europe that deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
manor:
an agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by peasants who performed labour services and paid various rents and fees to the lord in exchange for protection and sustenance
