Vocabulary Quiz #7

Question 1

principle of intervention:

Answer 1

the idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones

Question 2

principle of legitimacy:

Answer 2

the idea that after the Napoleonic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions; guided Metternich at the Congress of Vienna

Question 3

procurator:

Answer 3

the head of the Holy Synod, the chief decision-making body for the Russian Orthodox Church

Question 4

proletariat:

Answer 4

the industrial working class; in Marxism, the class that will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie

Question 5

propaganda:

Answer 5

a program of distorted information put out by an organization or government to spread its policy, cause, or doctrine

Question 6

psychoanalysis:

Answer 6

a method developed by Sigmund Freud to resolve a patient’s psychic conflict

Question 7

purgatory:

Answer 7

defined by the Catholic Church as the place where souls went after death to be purged of punishment for sins committed in life

Question 8

Puritans:

Answer 8

English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

Question 9

quadrivium:

Answer 9

arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music; four of the seven liberal arts (the other made up the trivium) that formed the basis of medieval and early modern education

Question 10

quaestors:

Answer 10

Roman officials responsible for the administration of financial affairs

Question 11

querelles des femmes:

Answer 11

“arguments about women.” A centuries-old debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific Revolution as those who argued for the inferiority of women found additional support in the new anatomy and medicine

Question 12

rapprochement:

Answer 12

the rebuilding of harmonious relations between nations

Question 13

rationalism:

Answer 13

a system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge

Question 14

Realism:

Answer 14

a nineteenth-century school of painting that emphasized the everyday life of ordinary people, depicted with photographic accuracy

Question 15

realist:

Answer 15

a subscriber to the medieval European school of thought that held, following Plato, that the individual objects we perceive are not real but merely manifestations of universal ideas existing in the mind of God

Question 16

Realpolitik:

Answer 16

“politics of reality.” Politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics

Question 17

reason of state:

Answer 17

the principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long-term interests and not merely to further the dynastic interest of its ruling family

Question 18

Reconquista:

Answer 18

in Spain, the reconquest of Muslim lands by Christian rulers and their armies

Question 19

relativity theory:

Answer 19

Einstein’s theory that, among other things, (1) space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer and interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time continuum and (2) matter is a form of energy (E = mc2)

Question 20

relics:

Answer 20

the bones of Christian saints or objects intimately associated with saints that were considered worthy of veneration

Question 21

Renaissance:

Answer 21

the “rebirth” of Classical culture that occurred in Italy between c. 1350 and c. 1550; also, the earlier revivals of Classical culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the twelfth century

Question 22

rentier:

Answer 22

a person who lives on income from property and is not personally involved in its operation

Question 23

reparations:

Answer 23

payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War I.

Question 24

revisionism:

Answer 24

a socialist doctrine that rejected Marx’s emphasis on class struggle and revolution and argued instead that workers should work through political parties to bring about gradual change

Question 25

revolution:

Answer 25

a fundamental change in the political and social organization of a state

Question 26

revolutionary socialism:

Answer 26

a socialist doctrine that violent action was the only way to achieve the goals of socialism

Question 27

rhetoric:

Answer 27

the art of persuasive speaking; in the Middle Ages, one of the seven liberal arts

Question 28

risorgimento:

Answer 28

a movement in Italy in the nineteenth century aimed at the creation of a united Italian republic

Question 29

Rococo:

Answer 29

an eighteenth-century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm

Question 30

Romanesque:

Answer 30

a term used to describe the art and especially architecture of Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries

Question 31

Romanization:

Answer 31

the process by which Roman culture and institutions were spread to the provinces; often accomplished through the Roman army as colonies of veterans were established wherever the legions were stationed throughout the empire

Question 32

Romanticism:

Answer 32

a nineteenth-century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing

Question 33

sacraments:

Answer 33

rites considered imperative for a Christian’s salvation. By the thirteenth century, these consisted of the Eucharist of Lord’s Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and confirmation of children. Protestant reformers of the sixteenth century generally recognized only two — baptism and communion (the Lord’s Supper)

Question 34

salons:

Answer 34

gathering of philosophers and other notables to discuss the ideas of the Enlightenment; so called from the elegant drawing rooms (salons) where they met

Question 35

sans-culottes:

Answer 35

“without breeches.” The common people, who did not wear the fine clothes of the upper classes and played an important role in the radical phase in the French Revolution

Question 36

satrap:

Answer 36

a governor with both civil and military duties in the ancient Persian Empire, which was divided into satrapies, or provinces, each administered by a satrap

Question 37

scholasticism:

Answer 37

the philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools, which emphasized rigorous analysis of contradictory authorities; often used to try to reconcile faith and reason

Question 38

scientific method:

Answer 38

a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations

Question 39

Scientific Revolution:

Answer 39

the transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth

Question 40

scriptoria:

Answer 40

writing rooms for the copying of manuscripts in medieval monasteries

Question 41

scutage:

Answer 41

in the fourteenth century, a money payment for military service that replaced the obligation of military service in the lord-vassal relationship

Question 42

secularism:

Answer 42

the process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things; a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance

Question 43

self-determination:

Answer 43

the doctrine that the people of a given territory or a particular nationality should have the right to determine their own government and political future

Question 44

senate:

Answer 44

the leading council of the Roman Republic; composed of about three hundred men (senators) who served for life and dominated much of the political life of the Republic

Question 45

separation of powers:

Answer 45

a doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the eighteenth century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other

Question 46

serf:

Answer 46

a peasant who is bound to the land and obliged to provide labor services and pay various rents and fees to the lord; considered unfree but not a slave because serfs could not be bought and sold

Question 47

Shi’ites:

Answer 47

members of the second largest tradition of Islam, which split from the majority Sunni tradition in the seventh century as a result of a disagreement over the succession; especially significant in Iran and Iraq

Question 48

skepticism:

Answer 48

a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion

Question 49

social Darwinism:

Answer 49

the application of Darwin’s principle of organic evolution to the social order; led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance and the weak decline

Question 50

socialism:

Answer 50

an ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods