Vocabulary Quiz #7 Flashcards
principle of intervention:
the idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones
principle of legitimacy:
the idea that after the Napoleonic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions; guided Metternich at the Congress of Vienna
procurator:
the head of the Holy Synod, the chief decision-making body for the Russian Orthodox Church
proletariat:
the industrial working class; in Marxism, the class that will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie
propaganda:
a program of distorted information put out by an organization or government to spread its policy, cause, or doctrine
psychoanalysis:
a method developed by Sigmund Freud to resolve a patient’s psychic conflict
purgatory:
defined by the Catholic Church as the place where souls went after death to be purged of punishment for sins committed in life
Puritans:
English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England
quadrivium:
arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music; four of the seven liberal arts (the other made up the trivium) that formed the basis of medieval and early modern education
quaestors:
Roman officials responsible for the administration of financial affairs
querelles des femmes:
“arguments about women.” A centuries-old debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific Revolution as those who argued for the inferiority of women found additional support in the new anatomy and medicine
rapprochement:
the rebuilding of harmonious relations between nations
rationalism:
a system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge
Realism:
a nineteenth-century school of painting that emphasized the everyday life of ordinary people, depicted with photographic accuracy
realist:
a subscriber to the medieval European school of thought that held, following Plato, that the individual objects we perceive are not real but merely manifestations of universal ideas existing in the mind of God
Realpolitik:
“politics of reality.” Politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics
reason of state:
the principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long-term interests and not merely to further the dynastic interest of its ruling family
Reconquista:
in Spain, the reconquest of Muslim lands by Christian rulers and their armies
relativity theory:
Einstein’s theory that, among other things, (1) space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer and interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time continuum and (2) matter is a form of energy (E = mc2)
relics:
the bones of Christian saints or objects intimately associated with saints that were considered worthy of veneration
Renaissance:
the “rebirth” of Classical culture that occurred in Italy between c. 1350 and c. 1550; also, the earlier revivals of Classical culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the twelfth century
rentier:
a person who lives on income from property and is not personally involved in its operation
reparations:
payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after World War I.
revisionism:
a socialist doctrine that rejected Marx’s emphasis on class struggle and revolution and argued instead that workers should work through political parties to bring about gradual change
revolution:
a fundamental change in the political and social organization of a state
revolutionary socialism:
a socialist doctrine that violent action was the only way to achieve the goals of socialism
rhetoric:
the art of persuasive speaking; in the Middle Ages, one of the seven liberal arts
risorgimento:
a movement in Italy in the nineteenth century aimed at the creation of a united Italian republic
Rococo:
an eighteenth-century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm
Romanesque:
a term used to describe the art and especially architecture of Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries
Romanization:
the process by which Roman culture and institutions were spread to the provinces; often accomplished through the Roman army as colonies of veterans were established wherever the legions were stationed throughout the empire
Romanticism:
a nineteenth-century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing
sacraments:
rites considered imperative for a Christian’s salvation. By the thirteenth century, these consisted of the Eucharist of Lord’s Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and confirmation of children. Protestant reformers of the sixteenth century generally recognized only two — baptism and communion (the Lord’s Supper)
salons:
gathering of philosophers and other notables to discuss the ideas of the Enlightenment; so called from the elegant drawing rooms (salons) where they met
sans-culottes:
“without breeches.” The common people, who did not wear the fine clothes of the upper classes and played an important role in the radical phase in the French Revolution
satrap:
a governor with both civil and military duties in the ancient Persian Empire, which was divided into satrapies, or provinces, each administered by a satrap
scholasticism:
the philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools, which emphasized rigorous analysis of contradictory authorities; often used to try to reconcile faith and reason
scientific method:
a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations
Scientific Revolution:
the transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth
scriptoria:
writing rooms for the copying of manuscripts in medieval monasteries
scutage:
in the fourteenth century, a money payment for military service that replaced the obligation of military service in the lord-vassal relationship
secularism:
the process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things; a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance
self-determination:
the doctrine that the people of a given territory or a particular nationality should have the right to determine their own government and political future
senate:
the leading council of the Roman Republic; composed of about three hundred men (senators) who served for life and dominated much of the political life of the Republic
separation of powers:
a doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the eighteenth century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other
serf:
a peasant who is bound to the land and obliged to provide labor services and pay various rents and fees to the lord; considered unfree but not a slave because serfs could not be bought and sold
Shi’ites:
members of the second largest tradition of Islam, which split from the majority Sunni tradition in the seventh century as a result of a disagreement over the succession; especially significant in Iran and Iraq
skepticism:
a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion
social Darwinism:
the application of Darwin’s principle of organic evolution to the social order; led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance and the weak decline
socialism:
an ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods
