Enlightenment/Scientific Revolution Figures

Question 1

• Astronomer/mathematician
• Came up with heliocentric conception (sun is centre of universe, not earth). Published two books, there were pretty lit.
• Gave the basis for modern astrology, books were banned by Roman Catholic Church, his ideas were publicly criticized by Martin Luther

Answer 1

Copernicus

Question 2

• Nobleman, astronomer, alchemist, and writer
• Accurate representation of solar system
• Wrote a few books, made tools and representations of space that helped astronomers

Answer 2

Brahe

Question 3

• Criminologist, Politician, Reformer, Author
• “On Crimes and Punishments”, defined why crimes are committed, influenced American constitution, his works were the base for the American Bill of Rights
• Benevolent politician, did really good things while in office, most influential/first criminologist

Answer 3

Cesare Beccaria

Question 4

• Physicist, chemist, and astronomer
• Newton’s Laws of Gravity and Motion
• Was one of the few scientists to be famous while he was still alive

Answer 4

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 5

• Italian Astronomer/Scientific Revolution
• Wrote “Dialogues”, a debate on heliocentric conception, said earth revolved around the sun, invented the compass
• First to prove that the way people thought about the universe was wrong

Answer 5

Galileo Galilei

Question 6

• Philosopher, Mathematician, Scientist, and Writer
• Father of Geometry, and Modern Western Philosophy, wrote a lot of books
• Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

Answer 6

Rene Descartes

Question 7

• Belgian Scientist
• Father of Modern human anatomy, and wrote the first comprehensive textbook of anatomy
• His work represented the culmination of humanistic revival of ancient anatomy

Answer 7

Andreas Vesalius

Question 8

• German Artist, Naturalist and Entomologist
• Researched, sketched, and etched insects and plants in different stages, discovered metamorphosis
• First woman to work at the Russian Academy of Sciences under Peter the First

Answer 8

Maria Merian

Question 9

• Enlightenment writer, philosopher, and playwright
• Wrote seventy books, liked writing tragedy plays, exiled quite a bit, father of Freedom of Speech
• Fought for Freedom of Rights

Answer 9

Francois Marie Arouet/Voltaire

Question 10

• Feminist writer
• wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” that pressed for educational rights for women
• First Feminist

Answer 10

Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 11

• French Lawyer
• Wrote “The Spirit of Laws”
• His books is the basis of the Consitution

Answer 11

Baron de Montesquieu

Question 12

• Scottish Economist and Social Philosopher
• Wrote “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” and “The Wealth of Nations”, works were carried over centuries and prized by economists
• Always tried to get rid of personal information so people only remembered him for his work

Answer 12

Adam Smith

Question 13

• Scottish philosopher
• Founded the basis for the philosophies of empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism
• Inspired many of the philosophers that came after him and many of their works were based off of his works

Answer 13

David Hume

Question 14

• French philosopher, art critic, and writer
• Co-founder of the Encyclopedia, wrote lots of books by they weren’t published until after he died
• Most well known for knowing words and definitions (basically being a human encyclopedia)

Answer 14

Denis Diderot

Question 15

• French mathematician/inventor
• Pascal’s Triangle, Theory of Probability
• Child prodigy, made an early version of the calculator

Answer 15

Blaise Pascal

Question 16

• Chemist and Psychologist
• Father of Chemistry, Believer of Science
• First person to breath pure Oxygen, “Discovered” Oxygen

Answer 16

Antoine Laviosier

Question 17

• Chemist, physicist, philosopher, inventor, writer on Theology
• “Boyle’s Law” – describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas
• Father of Modern Chemistry; “Orderliness of the Universe reflected God’s purposeful design”

Answer 17

Robert Boyle

Question 18

• Mathematician and Astronomer
• Laws of planetary motion, Astronomia Nova, Harmonices Mundi, Mathematics, his work with Tycho Brahe
• Epitome of Copernican Astrology

Answer 18

Johannes Kepler

Question 19

• English attorney general, lord chancellor of England, English philosopher, scientist and author
• Proposed the border scientific method; wrote “Noveum Organum Scientiarum”; inspired the Scientific Revolution
• Came from upper-class family (Puritan family as well); worked in the Parliament for decades until being impeached for corruption

Answer 19

Francis Bacon

Question 20

• English physician
• Demonstrated that the heart pumped blood throughout the body, veins transferred blood from veins to arteries, and that the heart pumped blood to the brain
• Became court physician for Charles I

Answer 20

William Harvey (1578 – 1657)

Question 21

• Swiss-born Philosopher, writer, and political theorist
• Treatises and Novels inspired leaders of French Revolution and Romantic generation, as well as the development of liberal, conservative, and socialist theories
• Believed humans are good by nature, but are corrupted by society, wrote “Emile, or on Education”

Answer 21

Jean-Jacques Rousseau