French Revolution/Napoleon Flashcards
The beginning of the Revolutions started with the ______________ ________________:
American Revolution
Great Britain was the world’s greatest ________ _________, but on ______ ___, ______ the Second Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence written by _________ _________:
colonial power; July 4, 1776; Thomas Jefferson
The Declaration of Independence affirmed the Enlightenment’s ideas of:
natural rights, (“life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”)
T/F, The British were a strong military power with a lot of wealth:
True
______ - The beginning of the U.S. and the start of the French Revolution:
1789
__________ was a French military officer who served with Washington during the American Revolution:
Lafayette
Lafayette became a member of the (___________), “______________”:
(Society of Thirty), “lovers of liberty”
T/F, The American Revolution was more complex than the French Revolution:
False
France’s population was divided into 3 estates:
•1st estate - ________
•2nd estate - _________
•3rd estate - _________/___________
Clergy, Nobility, Commoners of Society/Peasants
The Clergy _________ pay taille; The clergy was __________ divided because of ________:
didn’t; politically, wealth
T/F, The nobility paid taille:
False
What percentage of the 3rd estate did peasants make up?:
75-80%
Aside from peasants, who else belonged to the 3rd estate?:
craftsmen (powerful discontent in the cities) and the bourgeoisie (middle class) who were lawyers, doctors, writers, etc.
Peasants had to pay _________ of _________:
relics of feudalism
What were relics of feudalism?:
fees for using the flour mill, community oven, wine press as well as tithes to the clergy
T/F, Nobility could hunt on peasant lands:
True
Bread prices ________ and most 3rd estate spent 1/3 to 1/2 of their wealth on bread:
increased
It is believed the actual cause of the Revolution was _____ ___________ ___________:
old political grievances
List seven other problems that the French monarchy faced:
- Bad harvests (1787 – 1788)
- Manufacturing Depression
- Food Shortages
- Unemployment
- Enlightened philosophes and authors such as Rousseau
- Financial crisis (one of the biggest problems)
What was the economic crisis that the French monarchy, and inherently, people, due to?:
Economic crisis was due to money spent in the American Revolution, royal extravagance, debt (over 40 billion)
Who was the general of finance in France?:
Charles de Colonne
T/F, Charles de Colonne was unable to borrow any more money and gathered an assembly of notables:
True
Colonne’s assembly of notables was _________ which led to a calling of the __________ __________; the Government needed to _______ _________:
unsuccessful, Estates General; raise money
The Estates General was what? And when was the last time it had met before Colonne’s assembly of notables?:
The French Parliament; 1614
The Estates General became the _______ ________ and changed voting by _______ to voting by _________:
National Assembly; order, head
The National Assembly met at a _______ _______ when their first meeting place was locked, presumably by the __________:
tennis court, king
The French Monarchs from 1775 – 17?? were __________ ___________ and King Louis ______:
1793; Marie Antoinette; XVI
What was the Bastille?:
The French Armoury and State Prison in Paris.
When was the Storming of the Bastille?:
July 14, 1789
What was the Great Fear?:
Following the many peasant revolts that started to break out, the vast panic that spread through the Countryside of France was known as the Great Fear.
What was the main goal of the Destruction of the Old Regime?:
To get rid of the relics of feudalism.
What were the main points in ‘The Declaration of the Rights of Man’? And what was ‘The Declaration of the Rights of Man’?:
Liberty, property, security; basically France’s Declaration of Independence.
What document was written by Olympe de Gouges following ‘The Declaration of the Rights of Man’?:
‘The Declaration of the Rights of Woman’.
T/F, ‘The Declaration of the Rights of Woman’ was ignored by the National Assembly:
True
What occurred during the Women’s March for Bread?:
The women escorted the king and queen (Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette) from Versailles to Paris as prisoners, and seized bags of flour to make bread from.
The Catholic Church was considered part of the ______ ________ and forced to swear allegiance to the _________ _______________:
Old Regime, Civil Constitution
T/F, the Catholic Church was viewed as a friend to the French Revolution:
False, the Catholic Church was viewed as an enemy to the Revolution.
1791 – a new ______________ was written, in which the king had ________ powers, and France’s government was now a ____________ ________________ _____________:
Constitution; fewer; Limited Constitutional Monarchy
Who were the Jacobins?:
a radical group including elite, artisans, and tradespeople
Who led the Sans Culottes?:
Georges Danton
Who were the Sans Culottes/ what did they want/believe?:
They sought revenge on those who had aided the King. Thousands were arrested and massacred.
Who were the Revolutionary leaders who emerged in France at around the same time?:
Georges Danton, Maximillian Robespierre, and Jean-Paul Marat
Who was Jean-Paul Marat?:
French doctor, political theorist, and inciter of the French Revolution. He also published a radical journal called ‘Friend of the People’.
At the _________ Convention they wanted to __________ the ____________:
National; abolish; monarchy
What were the two factions of the Jacobins?:
The Girondins and the Mountain
Who did the Girondins represent and what did they want?:
The Girondins represented the areas outside the cities. They wanted to keep the King alive.
What did the Mountain want, and were they successful?:
The Mountain wanted to kill the King, and they were successful.
Why was the Guillotine invented, and what were two names for it?:
The Guillotine was invented to kill quickly and humanely.
•”A cool breath on the back of the neck.”
•”The National Razor.”
Louis’ execution outraged much of Europe. A coalition of which six countries fought against France in the hopes of doing what?:
Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Dutch, in the hopes of restoring the old regime.
The Committee of Public Safety was led by a group of ______ ________ who did what? What was France referred to during this time by the Committee of Public Safety?:
12 men, who ordered the executions of enemies, as well as send representatives on missions, and tried to regulate the prices on food, goods, drinks, fuel, clothing, etc.
What were the roles of women in the Revolution/how did they change?:
Women played a very large role in the Revolution in some regard but it was still a widely held opinion that it was more important for them to be homemakers than be involved in politics.
The French were defeated in Austria and sent back to Paris. A group of people from this city defended Paris successfully, and now the National Anthem of France is named after the city. What is the city, and what is the French National Anthem’s title?:
Marseille; La Marseillaise
Following the French defeat in Austria, the Revolution entered a more ________ stage with the power switching from the ___________ __________ to the _________ _____________:
Radical; National Assembly; Paris Commune
After the switch to the Paris Commune, _____ ________ was appointed as the ________ of ________. Traitors or suspected traitors were __________:
Georges Danton; Minister of Justice; executed.
After entering the more radical stage in the French Revolution, the Convention meets. What did the Convention do?:
The Convention abolished the monarchy and established a Republic.
Who assassinated Jean-Paul Marat, and why?:
Charlotte Corday, a Girondin sympathizer, and she felt that Marat’s death would help squash or lighten the violence of the French Revolution.
What were peasants who revolted against the draft called?:
Vendee
What was a commonly said phrase used by those who resisted the Revolution?:
“Long live the king and our priests in the old regime.”
Name three cities that resisted the Revolution:
Lyon, Nantes, and Marseilles
What occurred in Lyon and Nantes in response to the Resistance?:
In Lyon there were mass executions, and in Nantes, many people were shackled and put on barges that were then sunk.
France created the Republic’s Army. How large was it, and was unique about it?:
It consisted of 650,000–1,000,000+ men (which was the largest army Europe had ever seen), and it was unique because it was the first time an army was tied to a country or movement instead of an Empire. This was the beginning of Nationalism.
When was the Reign of Terror?:
1793 – 1794
How did Robespierre change during the Reign of Terror?:
Robespierre when from a small town lawyer and member of the Estates–General to a radical and decapitation obsessed crazy person.
Why was the Committee of Public Safety created? Why were courts set up?:
The Committee of Public Safety was created in order to squash any foreign or domestic threat to France. Courts were set up to prosecute internal enemies.
During the Reign of Terror, how many people were killed? Name two people in particular who were killed during this time period:
40,000 people were killed, including Marie Antoinette and Olympe de Gouges
How were people addressed during the Reign of Terror?:
Everyone was addressed as citizen
During this time, De-christianization also took place as there was to be no authority higher than the National Convention. Give five examples of De-christianization:
- All words saint were removed
- Churches were robbed and closed
- Priests were encouraged to marry
- Notre Dame became known as the “Temple of Reason”
- Worship Reason rather Christ
A new calendar was also created during this time. List Three examples of changes that were made to the Calendar:
- The months were renamed (such as Thermidor or heat, or Frimaire or frost)
- Three weeks a month, ten days per week
- Last five days of the year were to celebrate; Virtue, Intelligence, Labor, Opinion, and Rewards.
Walk through five events that occurred, in order, as the Reign of Terror ended:
- France defeated foreign foes
- Danton is executed
- Robespierre is executed (after a failed suicide attempt)
- The Jacobins lose power
- Churches reopen
The Constitution of _______ establishes a ______ _______ _______:
1795, national legislative assembly
The National Legislative Assembly was comprised of 2 chambers, the ______ _______ with 500 seats and the _______ ________ with _____ seats:
lower house; upper house, 250
The Directory was composed of ______ directors who were elected by the ________ ____ ________:
five; Council of Elders
What were those who wanted to restore the monarchy known as?:
Royalists
Who did the Directory rely on to maintain power and control?:
the military
Napoleon Bonaparte dominated Europe from _____ to ______:
1799; 1821
The coup d’etat that brought Napoleon to power occurred how long after the French Revolution?:
10 years after the French Revolution
Give a quote from Napoleon Bonaparte:
“I am the Revolution.”
Where was Napoleon born, and where was he educated (why was he educated here)?:
Born in Corsica (an Italian island annexed by France); he was educated in France because at this time France was known for having one of the best educational systems
Napoleon’s military education led to his _______ as a ___________:
commission; lieutenant
Why was Napoleon not well like at first?:
He short, had an Italian accent, was poorer.
Napoleon was well read. What did he read about?:
Philosophy, Rousseau, military matters, Alexander the Great, Charlemagne
T/F, Napoleon rose quickly through the ranks and was seen as a hero by some Parisians:
True
Who did Napoleon marry?:
Josephine de Beauharnais
T/F, Napoleon became commander of the French military, and had victories over the Austrians and in the Italian campaign:
True
What are some of Napoleon’s characteristics?:
Charming, energetic, good decision maker
How old was Napoleon when he became dictator of France?:
Napoleon was 30 years old.
In what year did Napoleon crown himself emperor?:
1804
What were prefects and what did they do?:
Prefects were the central government’s agents appointed by Napoleon. They supervised local governments and collected taxes. Also, everyone paid taxes.
