Vocabulary

Question 1

What does “sine qua non” mean?

Answer 1

It means an indispensable condition, element, or factor; something essential. (dictionary.com)

In legal matters, “but-for”, “sine qua non”, causa sine qua non, or “cause-in-fact” causation, or conditio sine qua non, is a circumstance in which a certain act is a material cause of a certain injury or wrongdoing, without which the injury would not have occurred. It is established by the “but-for” test: but for the act having occurred, the injury would not have happened. (Wikipedia)

Question 2

What does recalcitrant mean?

Answer 2

resisting authority or control; not obedient or compliant; refractory (dictionary.com)