Vocabulary Flashcards
Name of the cpasule around the liver
Glisson’s capsule
Canal of Hering
Cholangiole
Secretion of D-cells in the pancreas?
Somatostatins
Layer of tunica muscularis in urinary bladder?
Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal
Composition of myelin
- Phospholipids
- Spingolipids
- Myelin (lipoprotein)
Enzymes at the microvilli of the SI?
- Disaccharidase
- Dipeptidase
- Enterokinase (Trypsinogen → Trypsin)
- Alkaline Phosphatase
Endocrine cells in the SI vs Stomach
Stomach → Argentaffin cells →
SI → Enteroendocrine cells → Cholecystokinin
Oxyntic cells
Parietal cells in the gastric region of the stomach
Disease caused by malfunction of parietal cells?
Atrophic gastritis
Pernicious anemia
Glycoproteins forming the ground substance of bone?
- Sialoprotein
- Osteocalcin
HERS
Hertwig epithelial root sheath → in tooth development
- Form cervical loop/ Crown-root junction
- Joining of IDE and ODE
Disease du to problem in collagen synthesis?
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (smooth muscle cells reticular fibers)
Aneurysm → weakening blood vessels
Staining for elastic fibers
Masson’s Trichrome
Glycoprotein side sugar
N - Gluc - Gluc - Man - 2x (Man - Gluc - Gal - Sa)
Glycoproteins fround in BM of the skin
Fibronectin → PM of epithelial cells - Heparin Sulfate
Nidogen-1 (Entactin) → small, essential component of BMs
Laminin → Epithelial cells - BM
Disease which involves the development of an Ab against ACh?
Myastenia Gravis
Where is tubulin found?
a and b tubulin → form microtubules
- 1 microtubule = 13 protofilaments of a/b tubulin
Acetyl Cholinesterase
Found in the synaptic cleft
ACh → Acetate + Choline → detaches from ACh receptor + reinternalized into the pre-synaptic terminal
Proteins in the terminal web + tip of microvilli
Terminal web → Myosin + Actin
Tip of the microvilli → Villin
Gastrin
Secreted by Argentaffin cells in the gastric region of the stomach → binds to its receptor on parietal cells to stimulate secretion of gastric acid
Thyroid hormone vs Parathyroid hormone
Thyroid hormone (T3, T4) → regulates metabolism, growth and development
- Liver converts T4 → more potent T3
PTH → increases [Ca]
Cholecystokinin vs Secretin
Both produced in the duodenum:
CCK → stimulates pancreatic enzymatic secretion + contraction of gall bladder (to release bile)
Secretin → Stimulates pancreas to secrete H2O and HCO3- rich fluid to neutralize acidic chyme
Renin
Released by Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney:
Angiotensin → Angiotensin I
Angiotensin is produced in the liver
*Angiotensin II:
- Constriction of renal afferent arterioles
- Stimulate Na reabsorption in PCT
Tonofilaments
Intermediate filaments found in epithelial cells
- binding to hemidesmosomes in
BP proteins form the plaque
*Formed of keratin proteins and vimentin
IF in smooth muscles are formed of desmin and vimentin instead
Where is the blood-air barrier found?
In the lungs
Plicae circularis other name
Valves of Kerkring
Link between Proteoglycan core and GAG
Serine - Xylose - Galactose - Galactose - GAG
Which hormones are in argentaffin granules in the stomach?
- Glucagon
- Serotonin
- Somatostatins
- Histamine
- Gastrin
- VIP
*Small granule cells in the respiratory epithelium also stain for Argentaffin (Neuroendocrine)
Kartagener’s syndrome
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Tissue containing reticular fibers
- Adipose tissue
- Basement membranes
- Endothelium
- ## Sinusoids
Diseases associated with taste bud dysfunction
Familial Dysautomia
Phenyl Thiocarbamide (PTC)
Bollous Pemphigoid
Hemidesmosomes (skin)
Lecithin
Phospholipid found in the lamellar bodies of pneumocytes type II
In what cells is carbonic anhydrase found?
- Parietal cells
- Osteoclasts
- RBCs for CO2 transport
- Which is correct about regular bronchioles?
a) Epithelium contains ciliated and non-ciliated cells
b) Mucous glands are present
c) Elastic fibers are present
d) Plates of cartilage are absent
e) Smooth muscle forms a continuous layer in its wall
c) Elastic fibers are present
d) Plates of cartilage are absent
e) Smooth muscle forms a continuous layer in its wall (2 layers)
Brunner’s gands mucous or serous?
alkaline MUCOUS
Which cells in the lungs have endocytic vesicles?
Pneumocytes type 1 → for maintaining alveolar fluid balance
Endothelial cells
Pneumocytes type 2 → recycle surfactant proteins
Macrophage
*Clathrin-coated vesicles
(Club cells too)
- Calcified cartilage of the mixed spicules contains the following except:
a. Chondroitin sulfate
b. Type II collagen
c. Calcium phosphate
d. Chondrocytes
e. Glycoproteins (Chondronectin)
d. Chondrocytes (have undergone apoptosis already)
*Calcium phosphate is deposited during the calcification process, marking the transition of cartilage to bone.
Compact lamellar bone in the diaphysis of long bones in adults contains the follwoing cells except:
a) Chondrocytes
b) Osteoclasts
c) Endothelial cells of vessels
d) Osteoblasts
e) Osteocytes
a) Chondrocytes
Osteoclasts → found along the endosteum and periosteum (for bone remodelling)
Osteocytes → in lacunae, communicate with other cells via canaliculi
Osteoblasts → found along the endosteum and periosteum (for bone remodelling)
What are the epithelium of the following structures?
Intercalated duct of the pancreas
Cholangiole
Alveolar duct
PCT
Duct of the sweat gland
Intercalated duct of the pancreas → simple cuboidal
Cholangiole → simple cuboidal
Duct of sweat gland → stratified cuboidal
Alveolar duct
PCT → Simple cuboidal with brush border
The following cells are found in the crypts of leiberkühn of the colon except:
a) Enteroendocrine cells
b) Paneth cells
c) Oligomucous cells
d) Striated border cells (absorptive)
e) Crypt base cells
Paneth cells → only in small intestine
The following structures have collagen except:
a) Alveolar bone
b) Dentin
c) Cementum
d) Enamel
e) Periodontal Ligament
d) Enamel → hardest substance in the body, 99% crystals of hydroxylapatite (crystalized form of Ca phosphate)
PL → dense regular CT, collagen I, III
AB → type I
Cementum → Collagen + glycoproteins + inorganic material
Dentin → 90% of ECM = type I collagen (a bit of III), 70% or ground substance = hydroxyapatite, 30% = organic matrix (proteoglycan, glycoprotein, collagen type I)
A Muscularis mucosa is present in the following location except:
a) Pylorus
b) Duodenum
c) Esophagus
d) Colon
e) Trachea
e) Trachea
Which of the following pairs is related?
Duodenum - surface mucous cells
Presynaptic membrane - acetyl choline receptor
Visceral layer - podocytes
Macula densa - PCT
Schwann cells - myelin in CNS
Visceral layer - podocytes
The following structures traverse the Muscularis mucosa of the small intestine proper(jejunum and ileum) to reach the lamina propria
except:
a) Arterioles
b) Brunner’s gland
c) Nerve fibers
d) Venules
e) Lymphatics
b) Burnner’s glands → only in the duodenum
The following statements concerning hepatocytes are correct except:
a) Their sinusoidal surfaces show microvilli
b) There are gap junctions at their interface
c) They contain abundant SER
d) Their plasma membrane is associated with a BM
e) Their plasma membrane from bile canaliculi
d) Their plasma membrane is associated with a BM → no BM associated with sinusoids and hepatocytes + space of Disse
*Hepatocytes do have gap junctions
Which regions of the GI tract have goblet cells?
- NOT the Esophagus
- NOT in stomach
- SI
- Large intestin/colon
Dendrites contain the following elements except:
a) Nissl bodies
b) SER
c) Golgi
d) Mitochondria
e) Microtubules
c) Golgi
In adults, which of the following cells are NOT capable of cell division:
a) Small lymphocytes
b) Chondrocytes
c) Endothelial cells
d) Neurons
e) Fibroblasts
f) Osteocytes
g) Fibrocytes
h) Chondrocytes
d) Neurons
f) Osteocytes
g) Fibrocytes except if reactivated (ex: wound healing)
The following statements concerning post-capillary venules are correct except:
a) Endothelial cells are associated with a continuous BM
b) Pericytes are usually associates with the endothelium
c) There are reticular fibers immediately surrounding the vessel
d) Occluding tight junctions are present at the interface of adjacent endothelial cells
e) Their diameter is larger than 20 micrometers.
e) Their diameter is larger than 20 micrometers.
They are actually 10-30 um in diameter
*Reticular fibers in the media
Bouin’s fluid consists of all of the following except:
a) acetic acid
b) picric acid
c) mercuric chloride
d) formaldehyde
e) water
c) mercuric chloride
Which of the following is used as a fixative in EM?
a) Formalin
b) Picric acid
c) Water
d) Glutaraldehyde
e) Mercuric chloride
d) Glutaraldehyde
What are 3 examples of zymogenic granules
- Salivary glands → Amylase, Lysozyme, IgA, Lactoferrin
- Exocrine pancreas → Trypsinogen, Pro-elastase, Pro-Carboxypeptidase, Pro-phospholipase A1
Lipase, RNAase, DNAase, Amylase
*stimulated by CCK - Chief cells/Zymogenic cells → pepsinogen, lipase
Gastrin
Secreted by argentaffin cells in the stomach (endocrine secretion)
→ Promotes secretion of HCl from parietal cells
Desmin
Vimentin
Desmin = component of intermediate filaments in all muscles cells
Vimentin = component only in vascular smooth muscles
Layers of Tunica Muscularis through the GI tract
2 layers every where:
- Internal circular
- External longitudinal
Esophagus → SkM → Both → Oblique SM
Stomach → Inner Oblique // Middle Circular // External longitudinal
Colon → Teniae Coli = outer longitudinal
Layers of muscularis mucosa through the GI tract
Esophagus → 1 thin longitudinal layer
Stomach → inner circular // outer longitudinal
SI → inner circular // outer longitudinal
Colon → inner circular // outer longitudinal
The following structures contain elastic cartilage except:
a) Arterioles
b) Lungs
c) Some cartilage
d) Epiphyseal plate
e) Muscular artery
d) Epiphyseal plate
The following channels are lined with a simple columnar epithelium except:
a) Interlobular duct of the pancreas
b) Striated duct
c) Regular duct
d) Gastric glands
e) Bile duct
e) Bile duct
The following glands and cells contain zymogenic granules except:
a) Chief cells
b) Exocrine Pancreas
c) Paneth cells
d) Parietal cells
e) Parotid gland
d) Parietal cells → no enzymes
Zymogenic granules are secretory granules in cells that produce enzymes/pro-enzyme
*Paneth cells do contain zymogenic granules rich in antimicrobial enzymes (ex: lysozymes)
Where are all the places a-actinin can be found?
Z-line
Dense bodies
Zonula adherens (with vinculin)
→ Intercalated disk = zonula adherens at the Z-line!!!
*NOT Tight Junctions (ZO-1)
What tight junctions allow anchoring of the terminal web?
Zonula adherens (Cadherins)
*a-actinin + vinculin
Terminal web = myosin + actin
Which of the following have myoepithelial cells?
a) Serous acini of salivary glands
b) exocrine pancreas
c) Secretory sweat gland
d) GI tract
e) Serous acini in the trachea
f) Mucous acini
a) Serous acini of salivary glands
c) Secretory sweat gland
e) Serous acini in the trachea
*ALSO HAVE BM
