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ANAT 261 > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 sublayers of connective tissue in the dermis?

A

Papillary layer → Loose CT
- More apical

Reticular layer → dense irregular CT

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2
Q

What defines Loose vs Dense CT?

A

Loose → more cells than fibers
Dense → more fibers than cells

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3
Q

What defines Regular vs Irregular CT?

A

*Both are subclasses of dense CT bc loose CT doesn’t have enough fibers to qualify them

Regular → regular/organized patterning of the fibers (ex: tendons)
Irregular → fibers are not running in a specific order/direction

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4
Q

Why is CT important for the epitheliums around it?

A

In the case of the dermis, is supports the epidermis

Carries nerves and blood vessels that provide innervation and blood supply to the epidermis and other epithelia
CT proides support and connecting framework to other tissues of the body

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5
Q

Give 2 examples of supporting CT. What makes them supportive?

A

Cartilage
Bone
→ produce extracellular matric with firm consistency
- Allows tissue to support mechanical stress without distortion + provide support to adjacent soft tissues

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6
Q

Give an example of CT with special properties.

A

Hematopoietic-bone marrow
*It is CT because of where it derived from

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7
Q

Where does ALL connective tissue originate from?

A

From mesenchymal cells in the mesoderm of the embryonic cells

Mesenchymal cells are pluripotent stem cells
- They are in Euchromatin state → expansion, DNA transcription, cell dividing, making protein, very active

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8
Q

What different CT tissue cells can mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

Lipoblasts, Chondroblasts, Osteoblasts → active/euchromatin state → secrete collagen and other elements of ECM

Mast cells, Macrophages, lymphocytes, Plasma cells → immun function

Adipocytes → store fat

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9
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts, what can they differentiate in?

A

Fibroblasts → some euchromatin, some heterochromatin → still very active cells → make ECM components, collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

can divide into 2 fibroblasts or differentiate into fibrocyte

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrocytes/lipocytes/chondrocytes?

A

Heterochromatin → dormant state, no transcription
- Can still divide → isogenic groups
- Found/embedded in ECM

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11
Q

What is special about wound healing?

A

It is the only situation in which fibrocytes can de-differentiate into fibroblasts to become active again

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12
Q

How is connective tissue different from epithelial tissue?

A

The epithelial tissue has little to no extracellular space

CT has lots of extracellular space → cells scattered within ECM
→ Cells are not directly attached to one another (unlike epithelial cells), they are separated by ECM

Also, CT is derived from mesenchyme unlike epithelial tissue which is derived from ectoderm and endoderm

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13
Q

What is the connective tissue matrix composed of?

A

Ground substance and fibers

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14
Q

What is ground substance? (In general, bone and blood)

A

In ordinary CT → ground substance = water, stabilized by GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
*GAGs hold water as they are negatively charged

In bone → ground substance includes minerals
In blood → plasma (plasma is considered to be part of ECM)

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15
Q

How the ECM produced?

A

Produced by fibroblasts (or other related cells type → chondroblasts in cartilage, osteoblasts in bones)

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16
Q

What are the 2 main types of fibers in the ECM?

A

Principal fiber type = Collagen → most abundant protein in the body →confers tensile strength with flexibility

Elastic fibers confer resilience (only non collagen fiber)

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17
Q

What tissue is Collagen Type I found in?

A

Dermis
Tendon

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18
Q

What tissue is Collagen Type II found in?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

19
Q

What tissue is Collagen Type III found in?

A

Reticular fiber

20
Q

What tissue is Collagen Type IV found in?

A

Basement membrane

21
Q

What tissue is Collagen Type V found in?

A

Fetal tissues (in embryos)

22
Q

What phenotype is seen in Fibulin-5-KO mice? Why?

A

The skin is too stretchy because Fibulin is glycoprotein involved in CT in the skin (dermis)

23
Q

What are the different GAGs? Why are there different types?

A

Chondroitin SO4 + core protein → in cartilage
Dermatan SO4 + core protein → mostly in the skin, but also in the heart, etc.
Heparan SO4 + core protein
Keratan SO4 + core protein

24
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

It is a glycoprotein (in ground substance)
10% sugars + 90% protein

25
Q

What genes are involved in collagen synthesis?

A

a1 gene → 2x peptide/preprocollagen
a2 gene → 1x peptide/preprocollagen

26
Q

What are the steps leading to the export of procollagen out of the cell?

A
  1. a1 and a2 genes are transcribed in the nucleus
    In the ER:
  2. They are translated → polypeptide chains
  3. Hydroxylation of the Lysine and Proline residues
  4. Attachement of glucosyl and galactose to the hydroxylated lysine residues
  5. preprocollgen assembles from interaction between sugars → procollagen triple helix is shipped to Golgi
    In the Golgi:
  6. Packaged outside of the cell to the extracellular space as procollagen triple helix
27
Q

In the extracellular space, how do procollagen assemble to eventually from a collagen fiber bundle?

A
  1. Procollagen peptidase cleaves both ends → Tropocollagen
  2. Self-aggregation → microfibrils
  3. Self-aggregation → collagen fibrils
  4. Collagen fibers
  5. Bundle of collagen fibers
28
Q

How long is tropocollagen?

A

280nm

29
Q

What explains the periodicity of collagen?

A

Stepwise overlapping (light)of tropocollagen when it self-aggregates due to interaction between the sugars ~ 10% of tropocollagen length

Leaves a lacunar region (dark space) and an overlapping region (between start and end of tropocollagens)

→ 64nm periodicity (lacunar + overlapping

30
Q

What are the roles of the different immune cells found in CT?

A

Lymphocytes → Produce immunoglobulins → humoral response
Mast cells → Produce heparin and histamine (anti-clogging, inflammation)
Plasma cells → Produce Ab
Macrophages → Cellular defense/Phagocytosis

31
Q

What are chondroplasts?

A

The space the cells are in (lacuna specific to cartilage)

Chondroplast = lacunae + isogenic group

32
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage (hyalos-glassy) (trachea)
Elastic cartilage (ears, nose, larynx)
Fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs)

33
Q

Wich fiber are found in the different types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline Cartilage → collagen type II (produced by chondrocytes)

Elastic cartilage → elastic fibers (+ collagen type II?)

Fibrocartilage → collagen type I (no perichondrium)

34
Q

What ground substances are found in cartilage?

A

Glycoprotein → Chondronectin

Proteoglycans → keratan SO4, Chondroitin SO4

Other ground substance → hyaluronic acid

35
Q

What are the different layer of perichondrium?

A

Fibrous layer:
- Fibrocytes (would have been fibroblasts during embryonic dev.)
- Collagen type I
- No growth

Chondrogenic layer:
- Chondroblasts
- Collagen type I
- Appositional growth

36
Q

What type of tissue is the perichondrium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

37
Q

What cells are fround in Hyalin cartilage? What type of growth do they do?

A

Chondrocytes
(differentiated from the chondroblasts of the chondrogenic layer)

  • They can’t differentiate, but can divide by mitosis → Interstitial growth
38
Q

What ECM form the hypodermis?

A

Collagen type I + few fibrocytes
(Mostly just adipose cells which are not part of the ECM)

39
Q

Is articular cartilage and fibrocartilage the same?

A

NO
Both don’t have a perichondrium, but fibrocartilage is stronger (strongest)
Articular cartilage is found at the end of long bones

40
Q

What thype of growth gives more thickness to cartilage?

A

Appositional growth

41
Q

Which hormones are responsible for stimulation of protein synthesis in cartilage growth?

A
  • Growth Hormone
  • Thyroid Hormone
  • Testosterone
42
Q

Which hormones are responsible for retarding protein synthesis in cartilage?

A
  • Corticosteroid
  • Estradiol
  • Retionoids (Vitamin A)
43
Q

Which 2 types of tumours can occur in cartilage?

A

Chondroma
Chondrosarcoma (usually more painful, grow faster, more malignant)

ANAT 261 (19 decks)

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