Vocab.

Question 1

socialism

Answer 1

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Question 2

utopia

Answer 2

an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. The word was first used in the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More.

Question 3

Robert owen

Answer 3

was a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland.

Question 4

Karl Marx

Answer 4

was a philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about capitalism and communism. Marx, in conjunction with Friedrich Engels, published “The Communist Manifesto” in 1848; later in his life, he wrote “Das Kapital,” which discussed the labor theory of value.

Question 5

communism

Answer 5

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Question 6

proletariant

Answer 6

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

Question 7

democratic

Answer 7

relating to or supporting democracy or its principles.

Question 8

socialism

Answer 8

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Question 9

communist manifesto

Answer 9

The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Question 10

capitalism

Answer 10

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Question 11

Thomas Malthus

Answer 11

An 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth. Malthus’ population theories were outlined in his book, “An Essay on the Principle of Population”, first published in 1798.

Question 12

David Ricardo

Answer 12

was a classical economist known for his Iron Law of Wages, labor theory of value, theory of comparative advantage and theory of rents. David Ricardo and several other economists also simultaneously and independently discovered the law of diminishing marginal returns.

Question 13

dictatorship

Answer 13

government by a dictator.

Question 14

laissez-faire

Answer 14

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

Question 15

Adam Smith

Answer 15

is one of the world’s most famous economists. Modern capitalism owes its roots to Adam Smith and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history.

Question 16

Friedric Engels

Answer 16

Friedrich Engels (English /ˈɛŋɡəlz/ or /ˈɛŋəlz/; German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈɛŋəls]; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx.

Question 17

Declaration of Rights of women

Answer 17

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne), also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, was written in 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man

Question 18

suffrage

Answer 18

the right to vote in political elections.

Question 19

romanticism

Answer 19

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing

Question 20

realism

Answer 20

the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly.

Question 21

naturalism

Answer 21

(in art and literature) a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

Question 22

Beethoven

Answer 22

proper noun. (1770–1827), German composer. Despite increasing deafness, Beethoven wrote prodigiously: nine symphonies, thirty-two piano sonatas, sixteen string quartets, the opera “Fidelio” (1814), and the “Mass in D” (the “Missa Solemnis”, 1823)

Question 23

Mark Twain

Answer 23

“Mark Twain” (meaning “Mark number two”) was a Mississippi River term: the second mark on the line that measured depth signified two fathoms, or twelve feet—safe depth for the steamboat. In 1857, at the age of twenty-one, he became a “cub” steamboat pilot.

Question 24

cartography

Answer 24

the science or practice of drawing maps.

Question 25

social darwinism

Answer 25

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

Question 26

Charles Darwin

Answer 26

A British naturalist of the nineteenth century. He and others developed the theory of evolution. This theory forms the basis for the modern life sciences. Darwin’s most famous books are The Origin of Speciesand The Descent of Man.

Question 27

Albert Einstein

Answer 27

physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity; Einstein also proposed that light consists of discrete quantized bundles of energy (later called photons) (1879-1955) Einstein.

Question 28

relativity

Answer 28

the absence of standards of absolute and universal application.

Question 29

Sigmund Freud

Answer 29

Sigmund Freud (/ˈfrɔɪd/ FROYD; German: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Question 30

Modernism

Answer 30

modern character or quality of thought, expression, or technique.

Question 31

Impressionism

Answer 31

a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color.

Question 32

Monet

Answer 32

(French mɔnɛ) … (Biography) Claude (klod). 1840–1926, French landscape painter; the leading exponent of impressionism.

Question 33

natural selection

Answer 33

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

Question 34

pyotr ilyich

Answer 34

1840–93, Russian composer. His works, which are noted for their expressive melodies, include the Sixth Symphony (the Pathétique; 1893), ballets, esp Swan Lake (1876) and The Sleeping Beauty (1889), and operas, including Eugene Onegin (1879) and The Queen of Spades (1890), both based on works by Pushkin