Ch. 16

Question 1

enclosure movement

Answer 1

wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.

Question 2

crop rotation

Answer 2

the system of varying successive crops in a definite order on the same ground, especially to avoid depleting the soil and to control weeds, diseases, and pests.

Question 3

Industrial Revolution

Answer 3

The Industrial Revolution is the name given the movement in which machines changed people’s way of life as well as their methods of manufacture. About the time of the American Revolution, the people of England began to use machines to make cloth and steam engines to run the machines.

Question 4

factors of production

Answer 4

The factors of production are resources that are the building blocks of the economy; they are what people use to produce goods and services. Economists divide the factors of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Question 5

mechanization

Answer 5

Mechanization or mechanisation (British English) is the process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing that work with machinery.

Question 6

factory system

Answer 6

The factory system is a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labour.

Question 7

cottage industry

Answer 7

a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person’s home.

Question 8

entrepreneur

Answer 8

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Question 9

tenements

Answer 9

a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments or
a piece of land held by an owner.

Question 10

mass production

Answer 10

“Mass production”, “flow production” or “continuous production” is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines.

Question 11

fordism

Answer 11

Fordism is a term widely used to describe (1) the system of mass production that was pioneered in the early 20th century by the Ford Motor Company or (2) the typical postwar mode of economic growth and its associated political and social order in advanced capitalism.

Question 12

corporation

Answer 12

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Question 13

monopoly

Answer 13

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Question 14

strikes

Answer 14

hit forcibly and deliberately with one’s hand or a weapon or other implement.

Question 15

unions

Answer 15

the action or fact of joining or being joined, especially in a political context.

Question 16

collective

Answer 16

done by people acting as a group.

Question 17

bargaining

Answer 17

negotiate the terms and conditions of a transaction.

Question 18

Eli Whitney

Answer 18

Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South.

Question 19

James Watt

Answer 19

James Watt FRS FRSE was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen’s 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781

Question 20

Henry Bessemer

Answer 20

Sir Henry Bessemer was an English inventor, whose steelmaking process would become the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century. He also established the town of Sheffield as a major industrial centre.

Question 21

Richard Arkwright

Answer 21

Sir Richard Arkwright was an inventor and a leading entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution.

Question 22

Robert Fulton

Answer 22

Robert Fulton was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat called The North River Steamboat of Claremont.

Question 23

Samuel Morse

Answer 23

Samuel Finley Breese Morse was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.

Question 24

Henry Ford

Answer 24

Henry Ford was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Question 25

JP Morgan

Answer 25

John Pierpont “J. P.” Morgan was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States.

Question 26

Immigration

Answer 26

the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Question 27

leisure

Answer 27

free time.

Question 28

emigration

Answer 28

the act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad.

Question 29

Push and Pull factors

Answer 29

Definition. Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push people into migration or attract them. A push factor is forceful, and a factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some problem which results in people wanting to migrate.

Question 30

textiles

Answer 30

a type of cloth or woven fabric.

Question 31

Middle class

Answer 31

the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.

Question 32

Jane Addam

Answer 32

Jane Addams was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace.

Question 33

child labor laws

Answer 33

The federal child labor provisions, authorized by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938, also known as the child labor laws, were enacted to ensure that when young people work, the work is safe and does not jeopardize their health, well-being or educational opportunities.

Question 34

Stuart Mill

Answer 34

John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory and political economy.

Question 35

Utilitarianism

Answer 35

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility. “Utility” is defined in various ways, usually in terms of the well-being of sentient entities, such as human beings and other animals.

Question 36

Maiji Restoration

Answer 36

The Meiji Restoration (明治維新 Meiji Ishin ?), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.