VNSA15 Flashcards
How many people need to confirm Telephone consent
2
Legal age of financial contract in England and Wales
18
Legal age of financial contract in Scotland
16
Age of legal medical consent
16
Why do we withhold Food and Fluids
- Regurgitation
- Pulmonary acid aspiration syndrome
- Reduced lung expansion
Starvation periods
* Cats, dogs and ferrets
* Rabbits
* Guinea pigs
* Small rodents
* Birds
* Reptiles
Cats dogs ferrets - 3 – 6 hours
Rabbits/G-Pigs/Small rodents- no starvation
Birds-
Reptiles-
Maximum time for
clipping for surgery?
24 hours
Agent used when scrubbing pre surgery
Agent that contain both antiseptic and detergent
eg. povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine
Properties of Chlorhexidine
- Effective against many bacteria.
- Viricidal
- Fungicidal
- Sporicidal properties
- Effective level of activity in presence of
organic material - active: Up to 6 hours
- Low toxicity to tissue
Properties of providine- Iodine
- Iodine combined with a detergent
- Broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
- Can cause severe skin reactions &irritation
- Greater contact time required
Ratio of iodine to clean around and on the eye
1:100
1:50
Chlorhexidine ratio
50:50
Chlorhexidine Ratio for vulva/prepuce
1:50
Suture dehiscence?
partial or total separation of wound edges,
Hypostatic pneumonia
collection of fluid of the lungs
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME?
tumour produces chemicals that manafests a group of rare disorders
3 types of Hernias
- Diaphragmatic
- Umbilical/inguinal
- Perineal
Osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone or bone marrow, usually due to infection
Paresis
partial paralysis, muscle weakness due to nerve damage
or disease
Paralysis
Complete or partial loss of muscle
function
hemilaminectomy
Spinal surgery
hypovolaemia
Low BP
Signs of Ileus
*Absence or reduction of faeces
*Abdominal pain
*Vomiting
*Anorexia
*Gas retention
Signs of Internal haemorrhage?
*Haemoabdomen
*Tachycardia
*Pale mm
*Cool extremities
signs of Peritonitis?
Inflammation of the peritoneum – serous lining of the abdominal wall
- Persistent inappetence
- Abdominal pain
- Vomiting
- Pyrexia
- Abdominal distension
- Signs within 3-5days
(ADD) in rabbits?
Acquired dental Disease
During anaesthesia, puppies and kittens are at risk of
Hypothermia
Immediate Post-operative Aims
- Reduce mortality
- promote recovery
- Improve wound healing
- Provide analgesia
- Return to normal function
- Avoid infection
- Meet nutritional demands
- Reduce post-op complications
- Reduce morbidity
What is shock?
Acute circulatory collapse
Insufficient oxygen getting to tissues.
Body water percentage
60% water
Intracellular Fluid
Extracellular fluid
(percentages)
ICF (40%)
ECF (20%)
Extracellular fluids and percentages
Interstitial (15%)
Intravascular (5%)
Transcellular (<1%)
Shock effects the cells
- Inadequate supply of O2
- Inadequate supply of nutrients
- Inadequate removal of metabolic waste -> abnormal cell function
Hypovolaemic Shock signs
- Tachycardia
- Prolonged CRT
- Pale MM
- Poor pulse quality
- Low blood pressure
Different types of Distributive Shock
- Neurogenic shock
- Anaphylactic shock
- Endotoxic shock
Distributive shock symptoms
- Tachycardia
- Poor pulse quality
- Red mm – as peripheral vasodilation
- CRT initially will be rapid
Cardiogenic shock symptoms
- Heart murmur
- Irregular pulses
- Tachycardia or bradycardia
Obstructive Shock?
Caused by an obstruction of the
blood flow through the heart or
back to the heart
Types of Crystalloids
- Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic
- Isotonic crystalloids are used for?
- Replacement fluids
- Electrolytes similar to
ECF
What does Hypertonic saline do?
Draws fluid out the cells into the
extracellular space to expand plasma volume
Colloids
Contains molecules with a large
molecular weight
Cannot leave vascular system
Hyperperfusion signs
- Tissue oedema
- Chemosis – oedema of conjunctiva
- Pulmonary oedema
- Rales, dyspnoea, moist cough,
tachypnoea
*Nasal discharge - Lethargy
Health issues that may be contra-indicated with Fluid Therapy
Patients with lung pathology
Increased intracranial pressure
Paediatrics
DefineSPECIFIC GRAVITY
density of fluid
HYPERTONIC
Solution of higher osmolarity
than that of the fluids of the body
pH
Per hydrogen
ELECTROLYTE
Ions
OEDEMA
Excess fluid in the body tissues
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is greatest
at arteriole end
(filtration)
Capillary hydrostatic pressure is lowest at which end of a blood vessel
at venule end (reabsorption)
cations
Sodium
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
Anions
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Calculation for
Insensible/ Inevitable loss
- 20ml/kg/24 hrs
Urinary loss calculations
- 24-48ml/kg/24 hrs
Faecal loses
- 10-20ml/kg/24 hrs
Angiotensin does what
vasoconstriction
Aldosterone does what?
Increases sodium (Na) retention which increases water
reabsorption
Renin activates
Aldosterone
