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exam 2 > Anaesthesia 4 > Flashcards

Anaesthesia 4 Flashcards

1
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ANAESTHETIC CIRCUITS (OPEN)

A

Lint/gauze placed on the nose
and volatile anaesthetic agent dropped onto the material

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2
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ANAESTHETIC CIRCUITS (Semi-open)

A

gauze placed inside a mask attached to oxygen

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3
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ANAESTHETIC CIRCUITS (Semi-closed)

A

Non rebreathing circuit

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4
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ANAESTHETIC CIRCUITS (closed)

A

rebreathing circuit

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5
Q

Mapleson

A

Non-Rebreathing Systems
A, (B, C no longer
used), D E F

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6
Q

Howto remember Mapleson classification

A

A= APL near patient
D = Distant APL valve
E = Everything absent (APL & bag)
F= Free flow (APL valve absent)

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7
Q

semi-closed circuits require high gas flow to prevent?

A

Re-breathing the carbon dioxide rich expired gas

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8
Q

Adjustable Pressure Limiting Valve AKA

A

APL valve
Pop off
Heidbrink

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9
Q

How to choose the correct Reservoir Bag

A

3 - 6 x the tidal volume.

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10
Q

Non-rebreathing Circuits Advantages

A

Low resistance (ideal for
small animals)

Changes in the settings are
almost immediate

Can use- Nitrous Oxide & Carbon Dioxide

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11
Q

Non rebreathing circuits disadvantages

A

High gas flow rates required.
High volatile agent consumption rate.
Expired moisture and heat loss

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12
Q

Ayres T-piece (E) & Jackson Rees
Modification (F) circuit factor advantages

A

2.5-3
animals <10kg
Minimal resistance
Jackson Rees ideal for IPPV

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13
Q

Modified Bain
(structure, animal weight?, circuit factor, main benefits)

A
  • Coaxial
  • Fresh gas (inner tube)
    Expired gas (outer tube)
  • animals 10 - 25 kg
    Circuit factor 2.5-3
    -Parallel bain
    less drag
    Bag nearest machine
    Ideal for IPPV
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14
Q

Magill
(weight of animals?, Circuit factor, main disadvantage)

A

animals 10 - 35 kg
Circuit factor = 1 - 1.5
Not good for IPPV

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15
Q

Lack

A

Outer tube(fresh gas) inner tube (expired gases)
- Animals 8 - 40 kg
Long tubing =drag
Mini Lack - <10kg
Suitable for IPPV

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16
Q

Rebreathing Systems general advantages

A

Flow rates are very low
animals 10-80kg
Low pollution
Preserves moisture and heat

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17
Q

What is Soda Lime made up of?

A
  • Calcium Hydroxide - 90% (lime)
  • Sodium Hydroxide - 5% (soda)
  • Potassium hydroxide with Silicates - 1%
  • Water – 4%
  • pH indicators
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18
Q

Soda lime colour changes

A
  • Pink to white
  • White to purple
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19
Q

is soda lime acidic or alkaline

A

Alkaline

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20
Q

Circle System

A
  • Higher gas flow rate (10 - 15 min) then decrease the gas flow
  • Circuit factor = 0.3 X minute volume
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21
Q

F Circuit

A

coaxial
Patient attached at coaxial end/ diverges-machine attached to outer tubing.
Less drag- one length tubing
thermally efficient

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22
Q

Humphrey ADE System

A

Combination of Mapleson A: (Magill and Lack), Mapleson D: (Bain) and Mapleson E: (T-Piece)

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23
Q

Exhaust Valve

A

central spindle of the
valve

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24
Q

Soda Lime Canister

A

Contains 500 grams of soda lime Last 8-12 hours

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25
Q

What parts requires annual maintenance on the Humphrey ADE?

A
  1. The brass cylinder inside the main body
  2. The exhaust valve
  3. The soda lime canister
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26
Q

IPPV basic principles

A

close APL valve
give breath
watch chest

27
Q

What’s a Darvall ZDS

A

a mask

28
Q

Types of ET Tube

A

Armoured or guarded
Murphy eye

29
Q

ET tubes low volume, high pressure

A

Red rubber & Sillacone

30
Q

ET tubes high volume, low pressure

A

PVC

31
Q

Supraglottic Airway Devices

A

Used for rabbits and cats mainly

32
Q

Tidal volumes calculations normal

A

(TV ml = BW kg x 10-15ml/kg)

DOG = 10 ml/kg
CATS AND SMALL DOGS = 15 ml/kg
DEEP CHESTED DOGS = 12 – 15 ml/kg

33
Q

Minute Volume calculations

A

MV ml/min = TV ml x RR bpm

34
Q

Flow Rate calculations

A

FLOW RATE L/min = TV ml x RRbpm x CF÷1000

35
Q

Name the PHENOTHIAZINES

A

ACP

36
Q

Name the ALPHA-2 ADRENORECEPTOR AGONISTS

A
  • Medetomidine
  • Dexmedetomidine
37
Q

Name the BENZODIAZEPINES

A
  • Diazepam
  • Midazolam
38
Q

Name ANTICHOLINERGICS and PARASYMPATHOLYTICS

A
  • Atropine
  • Glycopyrrolate
39
Q

Opioids
MU-Agonists

A
  • Morphine
  • Methadone
  • Fentanyl
  • Pethidine
  • Alfentanil
40
Q

Opioids * PARTIAL MU-AGONIST

A
  • Buprenorphine
41
Q

Opioids KAPPA-AGONIST

A

Butorphanol

42
Q

Opioids Antagonist

A

Naloxone

43
Q

How does Phenothiazines (ACP) work

A

Blocks dopamine receptors in the CNS.

44
Q

Phenothiazines (ACP) Advantages

A

✓ Sedation/tranquillisation
✓ Anti-arrhythmic
✓ Anti-emetic
✓ Antihistamine

45
Q

Phenothiazines (ACP) Disadvantages

A

x Hypotension
x Contraindicated in epilepsy
x Hypothermia
x Not appropriate for Boxers

46
Q

How do Benzodiazepines work

A

Bind to receptors in the CNS

47
Q

Benzodiazepines Advantages

A

✓ Minimal CVS and respiratory effects
✓ synergistic with ketamine
✓ Muscle relaxation/Anticonvulsant
✓ Can be reversed by Flumazenil

48
Q

Benzodiazepines
disadvantages

A

x Causes excitement
x Thrombophlebitis
x Used immediately
x Painful I/M

49
Q

How do Alpha 2 Agonists work?

A

Bind alpha-2 adrenergic receptors

50
Q

Advantages of Alpha 2 Agonists

A

✓ Potent sedation and hypnosis
✓ Analgesic effect
✓ synergistic with ketamine
✓ Can be reversed by Atipamezole

51
Q

Disadvantages of Alpha 2 Agonists

A

x Effects CV/respiratory
x Vomiting
x Increased urine production
x Hyperglycaemia

52
Q

what do Antimuscarinics do

A

Suppress the parasympathetic nervous system

53
Q

Advantages of Antimuscarinics?
(Atropine and glycopyrrolate)

A

✓ Reduces saliva and bronchial
secretions
✓ Blocks vagus nerve
✓ Prevents bradycardia
✓ Promotes bronchodilation

54
Q

Antimuscarinics disadvantages

A

x Cardiac arrhythmias

55
Q

How do Opioids work?

A

Bind to specific opioid receptors located in the CNS

56
Q

Opioids Advantages

A

✓ Sedation
✓ analgesia
✓ Minimal CV effects
✓ Synergistic
✓ Can be reversed by naloxone

57
Q

Opioids disadvantages

A

x Dysphoria
x CNS effects
x Respiratory depression
x Nausea and vomiting
x Bradycardia and hypotension
x Antitussive
x Urinary retention

58
Q

Why we do Pre anaesthetic blood test
- Haematology?

A

Checks for anaemia and coagulation disorders

59
Q

why we do Pre anaesthetic blood test
-Biochemistry?

A

checks for metabolic disorders

60
Q

why we do X-rays prior to surgery

A

Chest - for RTA’s and patients with neoplasm

61
Q

Why we ultrasound prior surgery

A

Cardiac function

62
Q

ECG AKA

A

Electrocardiography

63
Q

ECG checks for

A

detect any abnormalities in the
pulse rhythm

exam 2 (11 decks)

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