Fluids

Question 1

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 1

the pressure of the blood against the wall

Question 2

Capillary hydrostatic pressure is greatest at?

Answer 2

Arterial end

Question 3

proteins cross capillary membranes easily

Answer 3

no- most cant cross capillary membrane

Question 4

What is the main contributor to osmotic pressure

Answer 4

Albumin

Question 5

What does COP stand for?

Answer 5

colloid osmotic pressure

Question 6

Which has higher COP
Capillary or ISF

Answer 6

capillary

Question 7

Are cations negatively or positively charged

Answer 7

(+ve)

Question 8

Are Anions negatively or positively charged

Answer 8

(-ive)

Question 9

Extracellular Fluid Cations

Answer 9

Sodium (Na)
Calcium (Ca)

Question 10

Extracellular fluid Anions

Answer 10

Chloride (Cl)
Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Question 11

Intracellular Fluid Cations

Answer 11

Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)

Question 12

Intracellular Fluid Anions

Answer 12

Phosphate (PO4)

Question 13

Insensible/ Inevitable loss calculation

Answer 13

20ml/kg/24 hrs

Question 14

Urinary loss calculation

Answer 14

24-48ml/kg/24 hrs

Question 15

Faecal loss calculations

Answer 15

10-20ml/kg/24 hrs

Question 16

Calculations of fluids for obese patients

Answer 16

estimate normal body weight

Question 17

Renin angiotensin system

Answer 17

• Release of Renin=
• Angiotensin= vasoconstriction
• Aldosterone= increased Na retention = increased water
  reabsorption

Question 18

Part of the brain that controls thirst

Answer 18

hypothalamus

Question 19

What effects do Osmoreceptors have when release ADH

Answer 19

Stimulates the reabsorption of water

Question 20

Primary Water Loss causes

Answer 20

• Lack of water available
• Excessive panting
• Prolonged inability to drink
• Fever
• DI

Question 21

Mixed Water Depletion causes

Answer 21

• Haemorrhage
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea

Question 22

Electrolyte Imbalance conditions

Answer 22

Hypa/Hyponatraemia
Hypa/Hypokalaemia
Hypa/Hypocalcaemia
Hypa/Hypoglycaemia

Question 23

pH
acidic =
Alkaline=

Answer 23

acidic = 0
Alkaline=14

Question 24

What is the ‘normal’ pH?

Answer 24

7.35-7.45

Question 25

What are the 3 principle means of balancing pH:

Answer 25

Buffers
Respiration
Renal system

Question 26

How do buffers help maintain the body’s acid base balance

Answer 26

Buffers – bicarbonate are used to ‘soak up’ the hydrogen ions, preventing acidosis

Question 27

How does respiration help maintain the body’s acid base balance

Answer 27

Respiration – chemoreceptors monitor hydrogen ions and alter respiration
accordingly, increasing ventilation increases the carbon dioxide expired, and reduces acidosis

Question 28

How do the kidneys help maintain the body’s acid base balance

Answer 28

hydrogen ions are excreted into the urine, reducing acidosis

Question 29

clinical presentation of
* <5%
* Mild deficit (5-6%)
* Moderate (6-8%)
* Severe (10-12%)

Answer 29

<5% = Not detectable
5-6% = Subtle loss of skin elasticity
6-8% = Marked loss of skin elasticity
prolonged CRT
Slightly sunken eyes
Dry MM
10-12%=Tented skin
CRT (>2 secs)
protruded 3rd eyelid
Dry MM
Shock

Question 30

Type of fluids for hypovolaemic shock

Answer 30

Isotonic crystalloids

Question 31

Hypovolaemic shock fluid doses

Answer 31

• 60-90ml/kg in dogs
• 40-60ml/kg in cats

Question 32

How long should shock fluid doses be given over

Answer 32

30 min

Question 33

how often to flush a catheter

Answer 33

6 hours