pain

Question 1

Pain Is Defined As:

Answer 1

An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Question 2

Define NOCICEPTION

Answer 2

neural encoding of impending or actual tissue damage

Question 3

Allogenic Substances

Answer 3

• Serotonin
• Histamine
• Prostaglandins
• Hydrogen ions
• Cytokines
• Adenosine

Question 4

Physiological/adaptive pain

Answer 4

Warning pain after noxious stimuli

Question 5

Pathological/clinical pain?

Answer 5

Response to tissue damage
Sharp or dull burning
Allodynia
Wind up

Question 6

Neuropathic or Nervous system dysfunction example

Answer 6

phantom limb pain

Question 7

Somatic vs Visceral pain

Answer 7

Somatic = superficial or deep
Skin, tissues, muscles bone.

Visceral = Dull, achy, spasm like,
disease process or abnormal
function of internal organ

Question 8

Peripheral Transmission route

Answer 8

nerve endings to spinal cord

Question 9

Central Transmission

Answer 9

spinal cord to thalamus

Question 10

Pain modulation function

Answer 10

Either inhibit or facilitate pain at nociceptor in spinal cord

Question 11

Analgesic drugs

Answer 11

• NSAIDs
• Paracetamol
• Opioids
• Local anaesthetics
• Antidepressants
• Anticonvulsants

Question 12

Morphine – Sch 2
onset:
Lasting effects cats and dogs:

Answer 12

Slow onset of action (30 minutes)
Lasts 3-4 hours in dogs/ 8 hours in cats

Question 13

Does morphine induce vomiting

Answer 13

Can induce vomiting if the animal is not in pain

Question 14

Analgesics that are used in epidural

Answer 14

Morphine

Question 15

Routes of administration Mophine

Answer 15

Slow IV, bolus, CRI, IM, or SC

Question 16

Methadone – Sch 2

Answer 16

• Similar effect to Morphine
• Does not cause vomiting
• Lasts 3-4 hours
• IV, IM or SC

Question 17

Fentanyl – Sch 2

Answer 17

100x more potency than Morphine
* Rapid onset IV (2 minutes)
* Lasts 20 minutes
* Respiratory depressant
* IV, CRI or transdermal

Question 18

Buprenorphine – Sch 3

Answer 18

45mins to achieve peak effect
Lasts 6 hours
IV, IM or SC
Oral transmucosal in cats
Combined with ACP for a pre-med

Question 19

Butorphanol

Answer 19

• Lasts 1-1.5 hours
• IV, IM or SC

Question 20

Triple for cats

Answer 20

Butorphanol, Medetomidine and Ketamine

Question 21

Butorphanol AKA

Answer 21

Torbugesic

Question 22

NSAIDs AKA

Answer 22

Carprofen, Meloxicam

Question 23

NSAIDS contraindications

Answer 23

Patients with pre-existing or subclinical renal disease

Trauma/shock patients until stable

Question 24

Local Anaesthetics function

Answer 24

Acts on nerve fibres and prevents them from transmitting
impulses to CNS.

Question 25

Types of Local Anaesthetics

Answer 25

Topical
Field block
Local infiltration of tissues
Ring block
Intrasynovial

Question 26

Brachial plexus block

Answer 26

analgesia distal to the elbow

Question 27

Lignocaine (Lidocaine) given IV

Answer 27

can cause cardiac arrest or syncope

Question 28

Working times for Lignocaine without and with adrenaline

Answer 28

Without adrenaline: 5 minutes
and lasts 50-90 minutes
With adrenaline lasts 80 minutes

Question 29

Bupivacaine

Answer 29

local anaesthetic

Question 30

Lignocaine (Lidocaine)

Answer 30

Local anaesthetic

Question 31

Bupivacaine is less or more potent than lignocaine

Answer 31

4 x more potent than lignocaine

Question 32

Bupivicaine lasting effect length

Answer 32

lasts up to 8 hours

Question 33

Epidural location

Answer 33

L7 and S1

Question 34

How does an epidural work

Answer 34

Drug injected into the epidural space to block the nerves as
they leave the spinal cord

Question 35

CRI

Answer 35

Constant Rate Infusions

Question 36

CRI function

Answer 36

Maintains a constant plasma concentration of the drug

Question 37

What drugs are used in MiLK CRI

Answer 37

Morphine, Ketamine and Lidocaine in a 0.9% Saline
or Hartmann’s bag

Question 38

MiLK CRI are not recommended in

Answer 38

Cats-due to lidocaine toxicity