Balanced anaesthesia Flashcards
Define Tidal Volume
Volume of air breathed in or out in ONE respiratory cycle (normal
breath)
Define RESIDUAL VOLUME:
Air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
Define MINUTE VOLUME:
How much air has moved in and out of the lungs in 1minute (Tidal volume x respiratory rate)
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
Total amount of air in the lungs (based on 1 breath)
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV)
Is the total volume of air that can be voluntarily expired in normal
breathing
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV):
Is the volume of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume
VITAL CAPACITY
Is the maximum amount of air that a person can expel from the
lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUE CAPACITY (FRC)
Air left in lungs after a quiet respiration
PHYSIOLOGICAL (ANATOMICAL) DEAD SPACE
the total volume of gas from mouth to the terminal bronchioles where gaseous exchange does not take place
EQUIPMENT (APPARATUS) DEAD SPACE
The volume of gas within the apparatus
COMPLIANCE
Measurement of pressure in breathing system
Affects the tidal volume of gas the patient receives
NEUROLEPTANALGESIA
Combination of a tranquilising drug and an analgesic
Anaesthetic sparing effect
Medical agents that have the ability to reduce the need for the full
anaesthetic agent dose
Second gas effect
increases the speed of anaesthesia induction. eg Nitrous oxide
Diffusion hypoxia is caused when
Nitrous oxide is turned off and floods alveolar- give 100% oxygen for 5-10 min
Triad of Balanced Anaesthesia
1.Loss of consciousness
2.Muscle relaxant
3. Analgesia
Sedative and an opiate
analgesic examples
- Benzodiazepine and opiate
- Phenothiazine and opiate
- Alpha-2 agonist and opiate
what is TIVA
Total intravenous anaesthesia”
what is PIVA
“Partial intravenous anaesthesia”
Combination of drugs that is used in short procedures which do not require an anaesthetic agent
- Alpha-2 agonist sedatives
- Opiates
- Ketamine
Inhalation agents step by step effect on the body
Inhaled into the lungs
crosses the alveolar membrane
Dissolved into the blood
transported to the brain
crossed blood brain barrier
Exert their effect (unconsciousness)
Nitrous Oxide properties
Good analgesic properties
Minimal effect on cardiovascular and respiratory system
Not be used at concentrations greater >70% of the inspired gas mixture
Can you use soda lime with Nitrous oxide
No
The saturation vapour pressure
is the pressure of a vapour
when it is in equilibrium with the liquid phase
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS is used for..
INTRAOCULAR SURGERY
FACILITATE IPPV
LAPAROTOMY
ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY
THORACIC SURGERY
CV UNSTABLE/ HIGH RISK
OESOPHAGEAL FB’s
NMBA Mode of Action
Act on neuromuscular junction
* Stopping transmission of motor nerve impulses to striated
muscle
NMBA depolarising agents
Suxamethonium
(Not often used in Veterinary)
NMBA non- depolarising agents
vecuronium and atricurium
how do you monitor NMBA
electrically stimulating superficial peripheral nerve, and measuring responsive muscle contraction
devise used to monitor NMBA
Accelerometer (which measures contractions)
How To Reverse NMBA Non-depolarising agents
Anti-acetylcholinesterase
Give examples of Anti-acetylcholinesterase
Neostigmine
Edrophonium
