Viticulture - Vinification Flashcards
Name two species of American vines.
Vitis Riparia
Vitis Labrusca
Vitis Rupestris
Name the two main ways to propagate a vine.
Layering - marcottage
Cutting (more commonly commercially used in nurseries)
TRUE or FALSE ?
When a vine is propagated by layering or cutting, the child is genetically identical to the mother.
TRUE
What is the definition of a clone?
A mutation of a vine; it remains the same variety, but has developed certain characteristics.
What is Daktulosphaira vitifoliae ?
Phylloxera bug
To what part(S) of the vine does the Phylloxera bug attack ?
Roots and leaves (sap-sucking insect, with time, the damages done to the roots can cut nutrients and water flow to the vine.)
Between Head grafting and Bench grafting, which method is used directly in the vineyard ?
Head Grafting
Flowering occurs about how many weeks after budbreak ?
6 to 13 weeks
What term defines the sugars being moved from the leaf system to the fruits ?
Véraison
Is the vine a self-pollinating plant?
YES
During what moment of the growing season do grapes are subject to develop smoke taint?
Véraison
What effects can have the lack of rainfall during growing season ??
- lower the yields
-smaller berries
-if extreme, the vine can shut down
Between the lateral buds and the dormant buds, which one will mature and develop into a shot the next season ?
Dormant bud
*The lateral one might cause overshading, but may also grow clusters which are called ‘‘second crop’’
What is that formula ?
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis
What is that formula ?
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2) + E
Alcoholic fermentation
C6H12O6 (glucose) → 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + energy
What is that reaction ?
L-malic acid → CO2 + L-lactic acid
Malolactic fermentation
*** Not a fermentation, but a decarboxylation
A spur usually contains how many buds ?
A cane ?
Spur pruned ; 2-3 buds
Cane pruned: 8 -20 buds
At what temperature does a vine go to dormancy ?
10 degrees celcius and lower
What type of soil can slow down ripening and budburst ?
What type can speed it ?
High water content soils, they warm up slower.
Example ; clay soils
Dark colors - high rock-stone content soils can radiate heat and absorb it ; can ease budburst and ripening, as well as lower the effects of diurnal shifts.
Example ; slate, galets, shist, etc
Name 3 wine regions that experiment large diurnal shifts.
What type of climate are they experimenting ?
- Continental climates *
Yakima Valley AVA
Mendoza
Okanagan Valley
Cafayate Valley
ETC.
Name 3 wine regions that experience strong wind influence ?
Xérés
Northern Rhône Valley
Coastal Region (South Africa)
Mendoza
ETC
Can you explain how sprinkling water in the vineyard can help preventing frost ?
The water sprinkled will provide warmth to the buds while it freeze around it. It will then protect them from the ‘‘outer frost’’.
Name 2 ways of planting a vineyard that can help prevent frost.
- planting on slopes (air circulation, avoids cool mass air in depressions)
- high training systems
- close to body of water that can moderate or reflect the sun and warmth
- chose rocky and dark soils instead of high water contain soils
What effect on the vine can have too intense sunlight with small canopy ?
Name a region where this can happen ?
Sunburn, no canopy to shade and protect the grapes. Results in bitter flavors.
Mendoza, etc.
What is the average range of growing season temperature for a Moderate climate zone ?
For a hot climate zone ?
For a cool climate zone ?
Moderate ; 16,5 - 18,5 degrees Celcius
Hot ; 21 degrees celcius and more
Cool ; 16,5 degrees Celcius and bellow
What climate category is described as ;
cool to moderate temperatures
low continentality
rainfall even through year
suited for late ripening varieties
Maritime
What climate category is described as;
Low continentality
low rainfall
high amount of sunlight
Mediterranean
What climate category is describes as;
high continentality
spring frosts risks
suited for late buding and early ripening varieties
dry summers
short growing season
continental
Limon soils are composed of …. ?
Mix of clay and sand
What are the most important nutrients for the vine between;
Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus
Cordon de Royat is spur-pruned or cane-pruned?
Spur-pruned
Guyot training is spur-pruned or cane-pruned?
cane-pruned
What does VSP mean ?
Vertical Shoot Positioning
Should a vineyard with high water availability be planted with high or low density ?
High, to increased competitiveness between the vines and limit the growth. More cordon and canes can contribute to better quality fruits produced.
Rootstocks can helps prevent phylloxera, but what other pest also ?
Nematodes (microscopic worms attacking the roots)
What is Flavescence dorée and what is its effect ?
Disease cause by a bacteria, brought by leafhoppers insects
Leaves become yellow
Affects photosynthesis
Vine may die
Name 2 uses for SO2 during vinification.
- antiseptic
- antioxidant
Lactone and Vanilin are found in higher quantities in Quercus Alba or Quercus Robur ?
Quercus Alba
Can you name two European Oak types ?
Quercus Robur
Quercus Petraea
Georgian term for amphora ?
Qvevri or Kvevri
What can be used to deacidify a must ?
Alkali - potassium bicarbonate
What type of acid is added to a must to acidify it ?
Tartaric acid
What yeast strain is used in alcoholic fermentation ?
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Between what temeratures is the Saccharomyces Cerevisae active ?
from 5 to 35 degrees Celcius
Fermenting at higher temperatures can have what benefice ?
More extraction of tannins and colors
Can you name 2 fining agents that can be used in winemaking ?
Egg whites - albumen
Milk products
Isinglass (sea bladder)
Protease (bovine organ protein)
Casein
Potassium
Gelatin
Bentonite
What type of cork is mostly used for cork culture ?
Quercus Suber
What is DIAM composed of ?
Cork, beeswax emulsion and binding agent composed of 100% plant-derived polyols
Fermetation of white wine usually occurs between what Temperatures ?
12-22 degrees Celcius
Fermentation of red wines usually occurs between what temperatures ?
20-32 degrees celcius
What causes the smell of barnyard and band-aid ?
Is it a yeast or a bacteria ?
Brettanomyces bruxellensis
It is a yeast
The formation of acetic acid is caused by what bacteria ?
When is it created ?
Acetic acid bacteria ; acetobacter and gluconobacter (G. oxydans, A. aceti & A pasteurianus
produced by yeasts during fermentation
TCA is related to what fault ?
Caused by what ?
Cork taint
Microbial contamination of the cork
or
In the winery environment
what is 2,4,6-trichloroanisole related to ?
TCA, cork taint
How many hours does a vitis vinifera need in a growing season ?
1500 hours
bouillie bordelaise treats what disease ?
downy mildew
what is inversion layer phenomenon ?
Pheomenon is certain regions where the diurnal shift is lower even is higher altitudes (example ; mendocino ridge, over the fog line)
What is esca disease ?
fungus attacking trucnk
what first vintage of Burgundy what very hot and was a ‘‘wake-up call’’ about global warming.
2003
What is tiling technic in vineyard
why are many winemaker against it ?
retourner la terre
- Released CO2 in the air, contributing to global warming
- can cause erosion
- ## kills/removes flora and other life forms in the soils, leaves only the vine, encourages overgrowth
Prep 500 ?
booze in cow horn dug in field during winter
What is method Roulot ?
Oxydoréduction
long oak aging, then 6 months in reductive mode in tank with lees. Develops a matchstick flavor-minerality, with the oxydative falvors.
Effects of Cold soak ?
Increases color extraction
Make wine that have better aging potential
extract fruitier softer tannins
What are the numbers on a DIAM cork related to ?
Garantee of aging
DIAM 3 ; 3yrs guarantee
percentage of water in wine ?
86%
Why are most VT and botrysed wines always left with residual sugars ?
The ration fructose and glucose becomes inversed, Frustose in higher and is not fermenticible by the yeasts.
Lack of nitrogen in a must during fermentation occurs in what ?
can cause aromas of reduction, thiol that smell of rotten egg
can stop fermentation
how many grams of sugar to create a degree of alcohol
16,5 and 17,5g
What yeast strain is responsible for the flor development ?
Saccharomyces bayanus
why is brettanomyces bruxellensis trhiving in finished wines
They feed on other sugars than saccharomyces cerevisea
name french oak forests
Limousin
Allier
Vosges
Nevers
Bertranges
Troncais
Chlorosis results in the defficency in what ?
Iron in soil
latitude for viticulte
31-51
What Burgungian winemaker was prosecuted in 2013 for refusing to spray his vineyards ?
Emmanuel Giboulot, biodynamic winemaker in Beaune.
Spray against Flavescence dorée
