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CMS Study > Viticulture - Vinification > Flashcards

Viticulture - Vinification Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

Name two species of American vines.

A

Vitis Riparia
Vitis Labrusca
Vitis Rupestris

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2
Q

Name the two main ways to propagate a vine.

A

Layering - marcottage

Cutting (more commonly commercially used in nurseries)

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE ?
When a vine is propagated by layering or cutting, the child is genetically identical to the mother.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What is the definition of a clone?

A

A mutation of a vine; it remains the same variety, but has developed certain characteristics.

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5
Q

What is Daktulosphaira vitifoliae ?

A

Phylloxera bug

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6
Q

To what part(S) of the vine does the Phylloxera bug attack ?

A

Roots and leaves (sap-sucking insect, with time, the damages done to the roots can cut nutrients and water flow to the vine.)

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7
Q

Between Head grafting and Bench grafting, which method is used directly in the vineyard ?

A

Head Grafting

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8
Q

Flowering occurs about how many weeks after budbreak ?

A

6 to 13 weeks

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9
Q

What term defines the sugars being moved from the leaf system to the fruits ?

A

Véraison

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10
Q

Is the vine a self-pollinating plant?

A

YES

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11
Q

During what moment of the growing season do grapes are subject to develop smoke taint?

A

Véraison

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12
Q

What effects can have the lack of rainfall during growing season ??

A
  • lower the yields
    -smaller berries
    -if extreme, the vine can shut down
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13
Q

Between the lateral buds and the dormant buds, which one will mature and develop into a shot the next season ?

A

Dormant bud

*The lateral one might cause overshading, but may also grow clusters which are called ‘‘second crop’’

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14
Q

What is that formula ?

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

A

Photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is that formula ?

C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2) + E

A

Alcoholic fermentation

C6H12O6 (glucose) → 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + energy

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16
Q

What is that reaction ?

L-malic acid → CO2 + L-lactic acid

A

Malolactic fermentation

*** Not a fermentation, but a decarboxylation

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17
Q

A spur usually contains how many buds ?
A cane ?

A

Spur pruned ; 2-3 buds

Cane pruned: 8 -20 buds

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18
Q

At what temperature does a vine go to dormancy ?

A

10 degrees celcius and lower

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19
Q

What type of soil can slow down ripening and budburst ?

What type can speed it ?

A

High water content soils, they warm up slower.
Example ; clay soils

Dark colors - high rock-stone content soils can radiate heat and absorb it ; can ease budburst and ripening, as well as lower the effects of diurnal shifts.
Example ; slate, galets, shist, etc

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20
Q

Name 3 wine regions that experiment large diurnal shifts.
What type of climate are they experimenting ?

A
  • Continental climates *

Yakima Valley AVA
Mendoza
Okanagan Valley
Cafayate Valley
ETC.

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21
Q

Name 3 wine regions that experience strong wind influence ?

A

Xérés
Northern Rhône Valley
Coastal Region (South Africa)
Mendoza
ETC

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22
Q

Can you explain how sprinkling water in the vineyard can help preventing frost ?

A

The water sprinkled will provide warmth to the buds while it freeze around it. It will then protect them from the ‘‘outer frost’’.

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23
Q

Name 2 ways of planting a vineyard that can help prevent frost.

A
  • planting on slopes (air circulation, avoids cool mass air in depressions)
  • high training systems
  • close to body of water that can moderate or reflect the sun and warmth
  • chose rocky and dark soils instead of high water contain soils
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24
Q

What effect on the vine can have too intense sunlight with small canopy ?

Name a region where this can happen ?

A

Sunburn, no canopy to shade and protect the grapes. Results in bitter flavors.

Mendoza, etc.

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25
Q

What is the average range of growing season temperature for a Moderate climate zone ?
For a hot climate zone ?
For a cool climate zone ?

A

Moderate ; 16,5 - 18,5 degrees Celcius

Hot ; 21 degrees celcius and more

Cool ; 16,5 degrees Celcius and bellow

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26
Q

What climate category is described as ;

cool to moderate temperatures
low continentality
rainfall even through year
suited for late ripening varieties

A

Maritime

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27
Q

What climate category is described as;

Low continentality
low rainfall
high amount of sunlight

A

Mediterranean

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28
Q

What climate category is describes as;

high continentality
spring frosts risks
suited for late buding and early ripening varieties
dry summers
short growing season

A

continental

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29
Q

Limon soils are composed of …. ?

A

Mix of clay and sand

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30
Q

What are the most important nutrients for the vine between;

Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium

A

Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus

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31
Q

Cordon de Royat is spur-pruned or cane-pruned?

A

Spur-pruned

32
Q

Guyot training is spur-pruned or cane-pruned?

A

cane-pruned

33
Q

What does VSP mean ?

A

Vertical Shoot Positioning

34
Q

Should a vineyard with high water availability be planted with high or low density ?

A

High, to increased competitiveness between the vines and limit the growth. More cordon and canes can contribute to better quality fruits produced.

35
Q

Rootstocks can helps prevent phylloxera, but what other pest also ?

A

Nematodes (microscopic worms attacking the roots)

36
Q

What is Flavescence dorée and what is its effect ?

A

Disease cause by a bacteria, brought by leafhoppers insects

Leaves become yellow
Affects photosynthesis
Vine may die

37
Q

Name 2 uses for SO2 during vinification.

A
  • antiseptic
  • antioxidant
38
Q

Lactone and Vanilin are found in higher quantities in Quercus Alba or Quercus Robur ?

A

Quercus Alba

39
Q

Can you name two European Oak types ?

A

Quercus Robur
Quercus Petraea

40
Q

Georgian term for amphora ?

A

Qvevri or Kvevri

41
Q

What can be used to deacidify a must ?

A

Alkali - potassium bicarbonate

42
Q

What type of acid is added to a must to acidify it ?

A

Tartaric acid

43
Q

What yeast strain is used in alcoholic fermentation ?

A

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

44
Q

Between what temeratures is the Saccharomyces Cerevisae active ?

A

from 5 to 35 degrees Celcius

45
Q

Fermenting at higher temperatures can have what benefice ?

A

More extraction of tannins and colors

46
Q

Can you name 2 fining agents that can be used in winemaking ?

A

Egg whites - albumen
Milk products
Isinglass (sea bladder)
Protease (bovine organ protein)
Casein
Potassium
Gelatin
Bentonite

47
Q

What type of cork is mostly used for cork culture ?

A

Quercus Suber

48
Q

What is DIAM composed of ?

A

Cork, beeswax emulsion and binding agent composed of 100% plant-derived polyols

49
Q

Fermetation of white wine usually occurs between what Temperatures ?

A

12-22 degrees Celcius

50
Q

Fermentation of red wines usually occurs between what temperatures ?

A

20-32 degrees celcius

51
Q

What causes the smell of barnyard and band-aid ?
Is it a yeast or a bacteria ?

A

Brettanomyces bruxellensis
It is a yeast

52
Q

The formation of acetic acid is caused by what bacteria ?
When is it created ?

A

Acetic acid bacteria ; acetobacter and gluconobacter (G. oxydans, A. aceti & A pasteurianus

produced by yeasts during fermentation

53
Q

TCA is related to what fault ?
Caused by what ?

A

Cork taint

Microbial contamination of the cork
or
In the winery environment

54
Q

what is 2,4,6-trichloroanisole related to ?

A

TCA, cork taint

55
Q

How many hours does a vitis vinifera need in a growing season ?

A

1500 hours

56
Q

bouillie bordelaise treats what disease ?

A

downy mildew

57
Q

what is inversion layer phenomenon ?

A

Pheomenon is certain regions where the diurnal shift is lower even is higher altitudes (example ; mendocino ridge, over the fog line)

58
Q

What is esca disease ?

A

fungus attacking trucnk

59
Q

what first vintage of Burgundy what very hot and was a ‘‘wake-up call’’ about global warming.

A

2003

60
Q

What is tiling technic in vineyard

why are many winemaker against it ?

A

retourner la terre

  • Released CO2 in the air, contributing to global warming
  • can cause erosion
  • ## kills/removes flora and other life forms in the soils, leaves only the vine, encourages overgrowth
61
Q

Prep 500 ?

A

booze in cow horn dug in field during winter

62
Q

What is method Roulot ?

A

Oxydoréduction
long oak aging, then 6 months in reductive mode in tank with lees. Develops a matchstick flavor-minerality, with the oxydative falvors.

63
Q

Effects of Cold soak ?

A

Increases color extraction
Make wine that have better aging potential
extract fruitier softer tannins

64
Q

What are the numbers on a DIAM cork related to ?

A

Garantee of aging

DIAM 3 ; 3yrs guarantee

65
Q

percentage of water in wine ?

A

86%

66
Q

Why are most VT and botrysed wines always left with residual sugars ?

A

The ration fructose and glucose becomes inversed, Frustose in higher and is not fermenticible by the yeasts.

67
Q

Lack of nitrogen in a must during fermentation occurs in what ?

A

can cause aromas of reduction, thiol that smell of rotten egg

can stop fermentation

68
Q

how many grams of sugar to create a degree of alcohol

A

16,5 and 17,5g

69
Q

What yeast strain is responsible for the flor development ?

A

Saccharomyces bayanus

70
Q

why is brettanomyces bruxellensis trhiving in finished wines

A

They feed on other sugars than saccharomyces cerevisea

71
Q

name french oak forests

A

Limousin
Allier
Vosges
Nevers
Bertranges
Troncais

72
Q

Chlorosis results in the defficency in what ?

A

Iron in soil

73
Q

latitude for viticulte

A

31-51

74
Q

What Burgungian winemaker was prosecuted in 2013 for refusing to spray his vineyards ?

A

Emmanuel Giboulot, biodynamic winemaker in Beaune.
Spray against Flavescence dorée

75
Q
A

CMS Study (12 decks)

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