Viticulture Flashcards
Viticulture - Climate - Overview
Latitudes = 30~50 Macroclimate = entire wine region Mesoclimate = particular wine region Microclimate = sing row vines
Viticulture - Climate - Continental
*Strong annual variation in temperature due to the lack of proximity to significant bodies of water with moderating influences. *Hotter summers than in maritime climates, often with cold winter temperatures that can be extreme.
Viticulture - Climate - Maritime
*A climate influenced by a large body of water such as a sea or ocean. *Marked by mild temperatures but also involving fluctuations from year to year causing vintage variation.
Viticulture - Climate - Mediterranean
*Summer are hot and dry, aside form the immediate coastal area. *Along the coasts, summers are mild due to proximity to cold water currents, but storms can also result as a consequence.
Viticulture - Climate - High Desert
*Summers are generally hot and dry. *Daytime temperatures are high, but dramatic drops are often experienced overnight.
Viticulture - Climate - Temperature Range
Cool > Moderate > Warm > Hot
Viticulture - Climate - Important Factors that Affect Climate
*Diurnal Shift = the difference between average daytime high and nighttime low temperatures. (ripening of grapes and balancing of acidity and sugar. *Sunshine Hours *Threats = Frost, Hail, Strong winds
Viticulture - Climate - Climate Moderators
*Bodies of Water *Mountains = Rain Shadow (dry on one side, rain on the other) *Altitude/Elevation *Wind
Viticulture - Topography - Overview
*Local Elevation/Altitude = Steeper Hillsides vs Valley Floor *Aspect = ex) slopes facing the sun *Proximity of Water
Viticulture - Soil Type - Overview
*Drainage of water / Water retention / Sun reflection *Granite, Limestone(Chalk), Marl, Schist, Clay, Sand, Silt, Gravel
Viticulture - Grapes - Overview
*Grape Skins = Tannins, Color, Flavor *Pulp = Water, Sugar, Acids, Seeds/Pips ***Vitis Vinifera
Viticulture - Grapes - Viticultural Propagation
*Hybrids = two or more different species combined Ex) Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca *Crosses = same species combined Ex) Vitis vinifera x Vitis vinifera *Clones = identical genetic reproductions
Viticulture - Climate - Cool vs Warm Climate
*Grapes ripeness = slowly and moderately vs fully *Sugar = Less vs More *Acidity = high vs low *Alcohol = less vs high *Flavor = tart, lean (less ripe, juicy) vs ripe, lush, juicy
Viticulture - Phylloxera
*A vine louse that destroyed many of the world’s vineyards in the mid to late 1800’s
Viticulture - Name three positive effects of wind in vineyard.
*Climate moderate *Help reproduction *Preventing bug
Viticulture - What is a rain shadow?
Mountain that blocks rain cloud
Viticulture - Name three wine regions of the world that are affected by rain shadows.
Ex) Oregon, Chile, Alsace
Viticulture - Explain why “green harvesting” is practiced.
*Quality control (ripeness, complexity, etc) *The removal of young-immature grape bunches, typically for the purpose of decreasing the vines final yield.
Viticulture - A Year in the Vineyard - Weeping or Bleeding
- In spring, watery sap from pruned canes will emerge from dormancy as the average air temperature surpasses 50F.
Viticulture - A Year in the Vineyard - Budbreak
- During March or April, the first small shoots and leaves will break through buds left intact by winter pruning.
- At this stage, the vine is vulnerable to frost.
- the vine’s foliage continues to develop through the early spring, the small green clusters called embryo bunches form on the shoots by mid-April.
- Flowering occrus six to thirteen weeks after the initial budbreak, depending on the climate.
Viticulture - A Year in the Vineyard - Veraison
- In August, veraison begins and the grapes begin to truly ripen, as sugars are moved formt he leaf system to the fruit.
- The grapes soften and change color (turning from green to red-balck or yellow-green) and acidity decreases.
Viticulture - Vine Training and Pruning - Cordon Training
- The vine has at least one permanent cane that extends from the trunk, called an arm or cordon.
- It grows thick and gnarled over time, and fruit bearing shoots will emerge from it each season.
Viticulture - Vine Training and Pruning - Head Training
- Head trained vines have no permanent cordon, and the trunk ends in a knob, or head.
- Cordon trained vines generally require a trellising system, whereas head trained vines may be supported by a simple stake, or not at all.
Viticulture - Vine Training and Pruning - Vine Traning Summary
Viticulture - Vine Diseases and Insect Threats - Fungal Diseases
- Powdery Mildew (Oidium)
- Downy Mildew (Peronospora)
- Eutypa Dieback
- Esca (Black Measles)
- Black Rot
- Bunch Rot
Viticulture - Vine Diseases and Insect Threats - Bacterial Diseases
- Pierce’s Disease
- Crown Gall (Black Knot)
- Bacterial Blight
Viticulture - Vine Diseases and Insect Threats - Viral Diseases
- Leafroll Virus
- Fanleaf Degeneration
Viticulture - Vine Diseases and Insect Threats - Phytoplasma Diseases
- Flavescence Doree
- Viticulture - StudyGuide - Which process most influences a red wine’s color?
- Maceration
- Bottle aging
- Fermentation
- Oak aging
Viticulture - StudyGuide - Elevage refers to which stage of wine production?
- Maturation
- Crushing
- Fermentation
- Pressing
- Fining
Viticulture - StudyGuide - What process involves the intracellular fermentation of whole berries, wherein sugars inside the grape are converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of yeast?
- Carbonic fermentation
- Alcoholic fermentation
- Malolactic fermentation
- Cold stabilization
- Secondary fermentation
Viticulture - StudyGuide - Which type of fermentation vessel best protects must from oxygen exposure?
- Stainless steel
- Concrete
- Oak
Viticulture - StudyGuide - Place the folowwing seasonal events in the life of the vine in proper order.
- Budbreak
- Flowering
- Fruit set
- Veraison
- Harvest
Viticulture - StudyGuide - Which of the following would NOT be considered an influence on viticulture?
- Aging vessel
- Slope
- Soil type
- Climate
Viticulture - StudyGuide - Which type of vine training is demonstrated in the image?
- Vertical shoot positioning
- Bush training
- Head training
- Pergola training
Viticulture - StudyGuide - American oak barrels are typically characterized by a greater concentration of lactones and vanillin than French oak barrels and generally have a more obvious coconut aroma.
- Ture
- False
Viticulture - StudyGuide - Pierce’s Disease is an example of what type of disease?
- Bacterial
- Phytoplasma
- Viral
- Fungal
Viticulture - StudyGuide - Most of a barrel’s flavor is imparted into a wine in its first year of use.
- True
- False
