Viticulture

Question 1

Viticulture - Climate - Overview

Answer 1

Latitudes = 30~50 Macroclimate = entire wine region Mesoclimate = particular wine region Microclimate = sing row vines

Question 2

Viticulture - Climate - Continental

Answer 2

*Strong annual variation in temperature due to the lack of proximity to significant bodies of water with moderating influences. *Hotter summers than in maritime climates, often with cold winter temperatures that can be extreme.

Question 3

Viticulture - Climate - Maritime

Answer 3

*A climate influenced by a large body of water such as a sea or ocean. *Marked by mild temperatures but also involving fluctuations from year to year causing vintage variation.

Question 4

Viticulture - Climate - Mediterranean

Answer 4

*Summer are hot and dry, aside form the immediate coastal area. *Along the coasts, summers are mild due to proximity to cold water currents, but storms can also result as a consequence.

Question 5

Viticulture - Climate - High Desert

Answer 5

*Summers are generally hot and dry. *Daytime temperatures are high, but dramatic drops are often experienced overnight.

Question 6

Viticulture - Climate - Temperature Range

Answer 6

Cool > Moderate > Warm > Hot

Question 7

Viticulture - Climate - Important Factors that Affect Climate

Answer 7

*Diurnal Shift = the difference between average daytime high and nighttime low temperatures. (ripening of grapes and balancing of acidity and sugar. *Sunshine Hours *Threats = Frost, Hail, Strong winds

Question 8

Viticulture - Climate - Climate Moderators

Answer 8

*Bodies of Water *Mountains = Rain Shadow (dry on one side, rain on the other) *Altitude/Elevation *Wind

Question 9

Viticulture - Topography - Overview

Answer 9

*Local Elevation/Altitude = Steeper Hillsides vs Valley Floor *Aspect = ex) slopes facing the sun *Proximity of Water

Question 10

Viticulture - Soil Type - Overview

Answer 10

*Drainage of water / Water retention / Sun reflection *Granite, Limestone(Chalk), Marl, Schist, Clay, Sand, Silt, Gravel

Question 11

Viticulture - Grapes - Overview

Answer 11

*Grape Skins = Tannins, Color, Flavor *Pulp = Water, Sugar, Acids, Seeds/Pips ***Vitis Vinifera

Question 12

Viticulture - Grapes - Viticultural Propagation

Answer 12

*Hybrids = two or more different species combined Ex) Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca *Crosses = same species combined Ex) Vitis vinifera x Vitis vinifera *Clones = identical genetic reproductions

Question 13

Viticulture - Climate - Cool vs Warm Climate

Answer 13

*Grapes ripeness = slowly and moderately vs fully *Sugar = Less vs More *Acidity = high vs low *Alcohol = less vs high *Flavor = tart, lean (less ripe, juicy) vs ripe, lush, juicy

Question 14

Viticulture - Phylloxera

Answer 14

*A vine louse that destroyed many of the world’s vineyards in the mid to late 1800’s

Question 15

Viticulture - Name three positive effects of wind in vineyard.

Answer 15

*Climate moderate *Help reproduction *Preventing bug

Question 16

Viticulture - What is a rain shadow?

Answer 16

Mountain that blocks rain cloud

Question 17

Viticulture - Name three wine regions of the world that are affected by rain shadows.

Answer 17

Ex) Oregon, Chile, Alsace

Question 18

Viticulture - Explain why “green harvesting” is practiced.

Answer 18

*Quality control (ripeness, complexity, etc) *The removal of young-immature grape bunches, typically for the purpose of decreasing the vines final yield.

Question 19

Viticulture - A Year in the Vineyard - Weeping or Bleeding

Answer 19

• In spring, watery sap from pruned canes will emerge from dormancy as the average air temperature surpasses 50F.

Question 20

Viticulture - A Year in the Vineyard - Budbreak

Answer 20

• During March or April, the first small shoots and leaves will break through buds left intact by winter pruning.
• At this stage, the vine is vulnerable to frost.
• the vine’s foliage continues to develop through the early spring, the small green clusters called embryo bunches form on the shoots by mid-April.
• Flowering occrus six to thirteen weeks after the initial budbreak, depending on the climate.

Question 21

Viticulture - A Year in the Vineyard - Veraison

Answer 21

• In August, veraison begins and the grapes begin to truly ripen, as sugars are moved formt he leaf system to the fruit.
• The grapes soften and change color (turning from green to red-balck or yellow-green) and acidity decreases.

Question 22

Viticulture - Vine Training and Pruning - Cordon Training

Answer 22

• The vine has at least one permanent cane that extends from the trunk, called an arm or cordon.
• It grows thick and gnarled over time, and fruit bearing shoots will emerge from it each season.

Question 23

Viticulture - Vine Training and Pruning - Head Training

Answer 23

• Head trained vines have no permanent cordon, and the trunk ends in a knob, or head.
• Cordon trained vines generally require a trellising system, whereas head trained vines may be supported by a simple stake, or not at all.

Question 24

Viticulture - Vine Training and Pruning - Vine Traning Summary

Answer 24

Question 25

Viticulture - Vine Diseases and Insect Threats - Fungal Diseases

Answer 25

• Powdery Mildew (Oidium)
• Downy Mildew (Peronospora)
• Eutypa Dieback
• Esca (Black Measles)
• Black Rot
• Bunch Rot

Question 26

Viticulture - Vine Diseases and Insect Threats - Bacterial Diseases

Answer 26

• Pierce’s Disease
• Crown Gall (Black Knot)
• Bacterial Blight

Question 27

Viticulture - Vine Diseases and Insect Threats - Viral Diseases

Answer 27

• Leafroll Virus
• Fanleaf Degeneration

Question 28

Viticulture - Vine Diseases and Insect Threats - Phytoplasma Diseases

Answer 28

• Flavescence Doree

Question 29

• Viticulture - StudyGuide - Which process most influences a red wine’s color?

Answer 29

• Maceration
  
  • Bottle aging
  • Fermentation
  • Oak aging

Question 30

Viticulture - StudyGuide - Elevage refers to which stage of wine production?

Answer 30

• Maturation
  
  • Crushing
  • Fermentation
  • Pressing
  • Fining

Question 31

Viticulture - StudyGuide - What process involves the intracellular fermentation of whole berries, wherein sugars inside the grape are converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of yeast?

Answer 31

• Carbonic fermentation
  
  • Alcoholic fermentation
  • Malolactic fermentation
  • Cold stabilization
  • Secondary fermentation

Question 32

Viticulture - StudyGuide - Which type of fermentation vessel best protects must from oxygen exposure?

Answer 32

• Stainless steel
  
  • Concrete
  • Oak

Question 33

Viticulture - StudyGuide - Place the folowwing seasonal events in the life of the vine in proper order.

Answer 33

1. Budbreak
2. Flowering
3. Fruit set
4. Veraison
5. Harvest

Question 34

Viticulture - StudyGuide - Which of the following would NOT be considered an influence on viticulture?

Answer 34

• Aging vessel
  
  • Slope
  • Soil type
  • Climate

Question 35

Viticulture - StudyGuide - Which type of vine training is demonstrated in the image?

Answer 35

• Vertical shoot positioning
  
  • Bush training
  • Head training
  • Pergola training

Question 36

Viticulture - StudyGuide - American oak barrels are typically characterized by a greater concentration of lactones and vanillin than French oak barrels and generally have a more obvious coconut aroma.

Answer 36

• Ture
  
  • False

Question 37

Viticulture - StudyGuide - Pierce’s Disease is an example of what type of disease?

Answer 37

• Bacterial
  
  • Phytoplasma
  • Viral
  • Fungal

Question 38

Viticulture - StudyGuide - Most of a barrel’s flavor is imparted into a wine in its first year of use.

Answer 38

• True
  
  • False