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CSW Wine Study > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

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1
Q

How many acres of grapevines are throughout the world?

A

19 million

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2
Q

How many tons of fruit are produced throughout the world?

A

70 million tons

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3
Q

What percentage of fruit produced become wine?

A

70%

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4
Q

What is the difference between winegrowing and viticulture?

A

Winegrowing refers to grapes to be used specifically for wine. Viticulture refers to all grapevines.

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5
Q

What do you call the beginning of a vines arms?

A

Spurs

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6
Q

A vine’s spurs develop into what?

A

Canes

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7
Q

A vine’s thick arms are also called what?

A

Cordons

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8
Q

The entire portion of the vine, including the fruit is called what?

A

The canopy

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9
Q

How does a young grape protect itself from damage?

A

It is camoflauged by being green, like the leaves and by having an acidic taste so not tasty to birds.

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10
Q

How do grape seeds spread naturally?

A

Via birds

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11
Q

Name the methods used for grape propagation?

A

Grafting and cloning

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12
Q

Describe field grafting.

A

Cutting a cane off of one vine and attaching it to the root of another vine.

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13
Q

How long does is usually take for a new vine to produce usable grapes?

A

3 years, or 3 leaves

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14
Q

How many years before a vine typically produces optimal quality grapes?

A

6 years.

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15
Q

How long can a grapevine produce grapes?

A

10 or more years.

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16
Q

Old vine refers to vines that are how old?

A

Usually 50, and more

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17
Q

What latitude is best for growing grapes?

A

30 - 50 degrees

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18
Q

Describe the ideal seasons for grapes to grow.

A

Long warm to hot days in summer and short cool to cold days in winter.

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19
Q

Bud break begins at what temperature?

A

50 F/ 10C

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20
Q

Photosynthesis begins upon the appearance of

A

Leaves

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21
Q

Flowering begins how many days after bud break?

A

40 - 80 days

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22
Q

What kind of weather is ideal for flowering?

A

warm & dry

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23
Q

How go grapevines pollinate?

A

breezes move the pollen into the flowers of the vine

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24
Q

The transitions between flower and fruit is called

A

Fruit set or berry set

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25
Q

What is coulure, or shatter?

A

Poor fruit set with many flowers failing to become berries

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26
Q

What is millerandage?

A

small berries mixed in with larger healthy berries.

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27
Q

Berries will grow for how long before veraison?

A

90 days

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28
Q

Veraison is most noticeable in red or white grapes?

A

Red

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29
Q

How long after veraison is harvest?

A

1 1/2 month to 2 months after veraison

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30
Q

What is meant by a grapes physiological maturity?

A

When the grape has developed it’s color and size, phenolic compounds are developed.

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31
Q

What are the metabolic processes of a grapevine?

A

Photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and translocation

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32
Q

Photosynthesis depends primarly on what two things?

A

Sunshine & temperature

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33
Q

The conversion of carbon dioxide and water into sugar is called what?

A

Photosynthesis

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34
Q

Photosynthesis slows at what temperatures?

A

50F/10C and 95F/35C

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35
Q

Optimal sugar production occurs at what temperatures?

A

70F/20C and 85F/30C

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36
Q

Why is aspect important?

A

The grapes will receive more sunlight.

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37
Q

The rate of respiration doubles for every increase of what degrees of temperature?

A

18F

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38
Q

What is the ideal diurnal temperature range?

A

warm to hot days and cool to cold nights

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39
Q

The openings on the underside of leaves are know as

A

Stomata

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40
Q

What is transpiration and why is it important?

A

Transpiration is when water evaporates through the leaves.

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41
Q

The rate of transpiration is closely related to

A

The weather

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42
Q

The stomata also control the intake of

A

carbon dioxide

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43
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of materials within the plant from one part to another.

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44
Q

What metabolic process uses sugar and then uses malic acid for energy?

A

Respiration

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45
Q

The process of materials moved form one part of the plant to another is called

A

Translocation

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46
Q

The process of the vine converting CO2 and water into sugar is called

A

Photosynthesis

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47
Q

The process of the vine breaking down sugars and other compounds for energy is called

A

Respiration

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48
Q

The process of water evaporating through the stomata and cooling the vine is called

A

Transpiration

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49
Q

The greatest vineyard sites have what 2 things in common?

A

They regulate the water supply and the ground is not very fertile.

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50
Q

The biggest factor in vintage variation is

A

Weather

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51
Q

The most changeable and uncontrollable variable in a vineyard is

A

Weather

52
Q

What natural aspects of a vineyard can have a major impact on wine?

A

Climate, soil, sunlight and water

53
Q

The actual meteorological conditions isw called

A

Weather

54
Q

The historical average weather of a place is called

A

Climate

55
Q

The climate of a particular vineyard’s row is called

A

Microclimate

56
Q

The climate of the full vineyard is called

A

Mesoclimate

57
Q

The overall climate of a region is called

A

Macroclimate

58
Q

The sugar-acid balance in grapes is affected by

A

the temperature in the vineyard

59
Q

A poor sugar-acid balance is usually due to high or low temperatures?

A

High

60
Q

How many inches of water is needed annually for vines?

A

20 - 30

61
Q

Growth of mold and fungus can be due to

A

Fog

62
Q

How can fog benefit a vineyard?

A

Fog can be useful for encouraging botrytis if that style of wine is the goal. Fog can reduce the temperature in a vineyard in hotter climates.

63
Q

Wind can interfere with what part of the vine growth process?

A

Flowering & pollinating

64
Q

List the common vineyard soil examples

A

Clay, chalk, sand, gravel and limestone

65
Q

Soil with very fine particles that fit tightly so water had difficulty passing through is called

A

Clay

66
Q

Soil with coarse particles with little water retention is called

A

Sand

67
Q

Soil particles of intermediate size is called

A

Silt

68
Q

Soil with larger pieces of solid inorganic matter, which roots must pass around to reach water or nutrients is

A

Rock & stone

69
Q

Soil particles may be composed of what 3 particles?

A

Quartz, feldspar or calcium carbonate

70
Q

Larger diurnal temperatures are experienced at hight or lower altitudes?

A

Higher

71
Q

Hillside vineyard have more or less frost issues?

A

Less

72
Q

Vineyards near larger bodies of water experience higher or lower temperature variations?

A

Lower

73
Q

What climate has warm, dry summers, mild wet winters and low humidity?

A

Mediterranean

74
Q

What climate is caused by planetary scale air mass circulation?

A

Mediterranean

75
Q

The 3 climates most applicable to wine regions are

A

Maritime, Continental and Mediterranean

76
Q

What climate is in influenced by an ocean, with high rainfall and mild temperatures overall?

A

Maritime

77
Q

What climate has hotter summers, colder winters and may have less precipitation?

A

Continental

78
Q

Grapevine diseases can be cause by what 3 things

A

Viruses, Fungi & bacteria

79
Q

Propagating infected vine cuttings can result in what type of disease? Bacterial or Viral

A

Viral

80
Q

A disease spread by insects and animals is referred to as what type of disease? Bacterial or Viral.

A

Bacterial

81
Q

The bacterial contamination of a vine resulting in premature leaf fall is known as

A

Pierces disease

82
Q

Pierces disease is caused by what insect?

A

Glassy winged sharpshooter

83
Q

Fungal diseases are generally spread by

A

airborne spores in humid conditions

84
Q

Powdery mildew is also known as

A

Oidium

85
Q

Dawny mildew is also known as

A

Peronospora

86
Q

Gray mold is also known as

A

Botrytis cinerea

87
Q

Edelfaule is also known as

A

Botrytis cinerea

88
Q

Pourriture noble is also knows as

A

Botrytis cinerea

89
Q

Botrytis characteristic aroma has been described as being similar to

A

Honeysuckle

90
Q

Morning fog followed by sun can encourage what disease that produced sweet dessert wines?

A

Botrytis cinerea

91
Q

Phylloxera is native to what country?

A

US

92
Q

The tiny louse responsible for the devestation of Europe’s vineyards is called

A

Phylloxera

93
Q

What type of soil is inhospitable to phylloxera?

A

Sand

94
Q

Name 2 soil based grapevine pests

A

Phylloxera and nematodes

95
Q

The roundworm the feeds on a vines roots is known as

A

Nematodes

96
Q

What crop can be used as a biofumigant against nematodes?

A

Mustard

97
Q

In what period within the life cycle of a vine does pruning, removing excess foliage and branches occur?

A

Winter, post harvest. Excess foliage is removed during the early growth to encourage photosynthesis, and leave removal can is also done during veraison.

98
Q

How many nodes will a typical grower leave on a vine?

A

A dozen

99
Q

Name two pruning stratagies/methods.

A

Cane & spur pruning

100
Q

Describe cane pruning.

A

Canes grow off the root at the head. One or two canes are left to be trained on a wire for the next year’s growth.

101
Q

Describe spur pruning.

A

The vine has cordons which then have spurs located about 4 - 6 inches apart. Each spur grows canes that are pruned back.

102
Q

Techniques that alter the position of number of clusters are collectively known as

A

Canopy management and training systems

103
Q

What training system is generally used around the world

A

The trellis training system

104
Q

Name 4 common vine training systems.

A

Pergola, bush/head, Guyot and Cordon

105
Q

Describe bush or dead training

A

No trellis is used.

106
Q

What cone pruned system has canes trained along a wire all in one direction?

A

Guyot system

107
Q

The Guyot training system uses what pruning technique?

A

Cane pruning

108
Q

The bush/head training system uses what pruning technique?

A

Spur pruning

109
Q

The cordon training system uses what pruning technique?

A

Spur pruning

110
Q

Vertical shoot positioning (VSP) is used in which training systems?

A

Guyot and cordon systems

111
Q

In the US the sugar level in the must is measured in

A

Degrees Brix

112
Q

What is the most common tool used to measure grape sugar?

A

Refractometer

113
Q

What is the calculation to determine the potential alchohol level when you know the Brix?

A

Divide by 2

114
Q

What is the name of the unit of measurement for grape sugar in France?

A

Baume

115
Q

What is the name of the unit of measurement for grape sugar in Germany?

A

Oechsle

116
Q

What country uses Klosterneuburger Mostwaage (KMW) as their until of measurement of grape sugar?

A

Austria & Switzerland

117
Q

What metabolic process uses sunlight and cholorphyll to convert carbon dioxide into sugar?

A

Photosynthesis

118
Q

What metabolic process is closely related to sunshine?

A

Photosynthesis

119
Q

Warm, long days, minimal shading and Southern (or Northern) aspect are ideal conditions for what metabolic process?

A

Photosynthesis

120
Q

What metabolic process is closely related to temperature?

A

Respiration

121
Q

What is the metabolic process in which the plant brakes down sugars (or other compounds) in order to use their energy?

A

Respiration

122
Q

What metabolic process can be discribed as:

Warm temperatures=fast respiration=loss of malic acid

A

Respiration

123
Q

What metabolic process uses sugar, and when sugar is not available, uses malic acid for energy?

A

Respiration

124
Q

What metabolic process is closely related to weather?

A

Transpiration

125
Q

What metabolic process involves water evaporating through the stomata to cool the vine?

A

Transpiration

126
Q

Put these four soil types in order from smallest in particle size to largest: rocks, silt, clay and sand

A

Clay, silt, sand, rocks

127
Q

What metabolic process breaks down sugar and converts it to biological energy?

A

Respiration

CSW Wine Study (23 decks)

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