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PR - BLOOD + NUTRITION > VITAMINS + VITAMIN DEFICIENCY > Flashcards

VITAMINS + VITAMIN DEFICIENCY Flashcards

1
Q

IV nutrition

A

Given when adequate nutrition is not possible

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2
Q

What are the two methods IV nutrition is given through?

A
  • Supplemental parenteral nutrition: addition to ordinary feeding
  • Total parenteral nutrition (TPN): sole source of nutrition
  • Infused through a central venous catheter or a peripheral vein
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3
Q

What does IV nutrition contain?

A

Contains amino acids, glucose, fat, electrolytes, trace elements, and vitamins

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4
Q

IV nutrition - Protein

A

Protein given as synthetic L-amino acids - source of energy

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5
Q

IV nutrition - Carb

A

Preferred carb: glucose (infused through a central venous catheter to avoid thrombosis)

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6
Q

IV nutrition - Phosphate

A

Phosphate: for phosphorylation of glucose and preventing hypophosphataemia

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7
Q

IV nutrition - Fructose and sorbitol

A

prevents hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic non-ketotic acidosis

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8
Q

IV nutrition- Fat emulsions

A

high energy to fluid volume ratio (not to mix in additives)

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9
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A
  • Vitamin A (retinol)
  • Vitamin D (ergocalciferol[D2], colecalcifero|[D3], alfacalcidol, calcitriol)
  • Vitamin E (tocopherol)
  • Vitamin K (phytomenadione)
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10
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins

A
  • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
  • Vitamin B
  • Folate
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11
Q

Vitamin A - function

A
  • Also known as Retinol
  • Necessary for eyesight, colour and night vision
  • They are also necessary for body tissues, growth and bone formation
  • They also help with resistance to infection
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12
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) - deficiency

A
  • ocular defects
  • increased risk of infections
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13
Q

Vitamin A - pregnancy

A

Avoid in pregnancy (teratogenic)

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14
Q

Vitamin A - foods

A
  • CARROTS
  • eggs
  • oily fish
  • milk
  • yoghurt
  • liver and liver products such as pâté
  • peaches, apricots
  • dark green leafy veg
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15
Q

Vitamin B

A

B, (thiamine) → Wernicke’s encephalopathy
B2 (riboflavin) → Keeps skin, eyes and the nervous system healthy
B3 (Niacin/Nicotinic acid)
B (pyridoxine) → Treats peripheral neuropathy associated with isoniazid
B12 (Hydroxocobalamin) → Used in the treatment of megaloblastic anaemia

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16
Q

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) →

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- Vital for the functioning of all body cells, especially NERVES
- Alcoholics

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17
Q

Signs of vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Always think of energy
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Weakness

Severe signs (could also be Wernicke’s encephalopathy):
- Mental confusion
- Muscular weakness
- paralysis of the extremities
- Loss of reflexes

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18
Q

B1 foods

A

Think of energy sources from breakfast foods!
- Bread
- Cereals
- Peanut butter
- Oranges

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19
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) →

A
  • Keeps skin, eyes and the nervous system healthy
  • Normal growth and development
  • Production of hormones
  • Formation of RBCs
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20
Q

Signs of vitamin B2 deficiency

A
  • Soreness of Mouth, lips and tongue
  • Burning and itching of eyes
  • Loss of vision and sensitivity to light
    Severe deficiency:
  • Inside of the mouth, eyes and skin become inflamed
  • Depression can develop
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21
Q

B2 foods

A

Again think energy!
- Milk
- Cereals
- Meat
- Bread

22
Q

Vitamin B3 - functions

A
  • Niacin or nicotinamide
  • Essential for energy metabolism (like B1,2)
  • Hormone production and formation of RBCs (like B2)
23
Q

Signs of B3 deficiency

A
  • Weakness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Indigestion
  • Skin inflammation
  • Lethargy
    Severe deficiency
  • Disease Pellagra
  • Scaly skin
  • Swollen tongue
  • Tremors
  • Damage to CNS
24
Q

B3 foods

A

Again, think energy!
- Meat
- Eggs
- Milk
- Wheat flour (for bread)

25
Q

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) →

A

Treats peripheral neuropathy associated with isoniazid

26
Q

Signs of B6 deficiency

A
  • Skin and nerve inflammation
  • Anaemia
  • Vomiting
  • Nausea
  • Lethargy
  • Increased susceptibility to disease and infection
27
Q

B6 food

A

Think protein and energy
- Chicken
- Fish
- Kidney
- Liver
- Egg
- Peanut

28
Q

B7 - function

A
  • Biotin
  • Energy
29
Q

B7 foods

A
  • Liver
  • Egg yolk
  • Soy flour
  • Cereals
  • Yeasts
30
Q

Signs of B7 deficiency

A
  • Skin inflammation
  • hair loss
  • conjunctivitis
  • elevated blood levels of cholesterol
  • Tingling and numbness in the hands and feet
31
Q

B12 foods

A

Foods that normally vegans lack…
- Meat
- Salmon
- Cod
- Milk
- Cheese
- Eggs

32
Q

Which medicines can cause B12 deficiency

A

metformin

33
Q

Signs of B12 deficiency

A
  • Pernicious anaemia (low haemoglobin)
  • Neurological problems
  • Cracks around the mouth
  • **Pins and needles **
34
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - deficiency

A
  • Deficiency leads to scurvy
  • Helps with wound healing and maintains healthy skin, blood vessels, bone and cartilage
35
Q

Signs of vitamin C deficiency

A
  • Scurvy (Bleeding gums)
  • Nose bleeds and wounds that heal slower than normal
  • Bleeding margins
  • Petechia of the skin
36
Q

Vitamin C - foods

A

Oranges, peppers, strawberries, blackcurrants, broccoli, sprouts and potatoes

37
Q

Types of Vitamin D

A
  1. Ergocalfierol
    - Vitamin D2 (calciferol)
  2. Cholecalciferol
    - Vitamin D3
  3. Dihydrotachysterol
  4. Alfacalcidol
  5. Calcitriol
38
Q

Vitamin D - function

A
  • Maintenance and formation of bones and teeth
  • Regulates absorption and use of Ca and Phosphorus
39
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A
  • Deficiency leads to rickets
  • Deficiency occurs in reduced sunlight and diet intake
40
Q
A
41
Q

Vitamin D - normal dose

A

Normal dose is 10mcg (400Ul)

42
Q

Vitamin D - foods

A

Oily fish, red meat, liver, egg yolk, fortified foods such as cereals

43
Q

Which type of vitamin D is preferred in renal impairment?

A

Alfacalcidol

44
Q

Vitamin E - functions

A
  • It can help protect fats and vitamin A in the body from destructive oxygen fragments
  • They are an antioxidant
  • They stabilise cell membranes and protect tissues that are found throughout the body
45
Q

Vitamin E (tocopherol) - deficiency

A

Deficiency leads to neuromuscular abnormalities

46
Q

Vitamin E - foods

A

Plant oils, nuts, seeds and margarine, beg

47
Q

Vitamin K (phytomenadione)

A
  • Blood clotting factors - reversal agent for warfarin
  • Menadiol (water-soluble derivative) given orally in malabsorption syndromes
48
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A
  • Prolonged blood clotting
  • Higher tendency to bleed
49
Q

Vitamin K - foods

A

Green leafy vegetables, vegetable oils and cereal grains

50
Q

Why do we tell people on Warfarin to limit green leafy vegetables?

A
  • Because they are good sources of Vitamin K!!

PR - BLOOD + NUTRITION (13 decks)

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