Ph

Question 1

What are the normal levels of phosphate in the body?

Answer 1

• Normal = 0.85 - 1.45 mmol/L

Question 2

What are the symptoms of
hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 2

1. Muscle cramps
2. Tetany
3. Perioral numbness or tingling

Question 3

What are the causes of hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 3

1. Drugs
   - Amphotericin (liposomal form)
   - Calcitriol
2. Chronic kidney disease
3. High diet intake
4. Hypoparathyroidism
   - Low level of calcium, therefore fewer phosphate-binders available, allowing phosphate levels to rise

Question 4

How do you treat hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 4

1. Calcium-containing preparations
   - They act as an effective phosphate binder
2. Sevelamer
   - For treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients on dialysis

Question 5

How does
HYPOphosphatemia
occur?

Answer 5

• Prolonged periods (e.g. 4 days or more) of starvation

Question 6

What are the symptoms of
HYPOphosphatemia?

Answer 6

• Arrhythmias
• Rhabdomyolysis
• Seizures
• Confusion

Question 7

How do you treat
HYPOphosphatemia?

Answer 7

1. Phosphate supplementation
   - Oral for mild
   - IV for moderate-severe