Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards by Hannah Kruit

Fat soluble, stored in the liver; carotene is precursor, provitamins converted in intestinal mucosa cells

Vitamin A

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Functions of vitamin A

Skin and vision

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Sources of vitamin A

Yellow, orange fruits; dark green leafy vegetables

Cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato

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Three results of vitamin a deficiency

Night blindness (nyctalopia) - reversible
Xerophthalmia (corneal damage) - not reversible
Dry, scaly skin (hyperkaratosis)

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Precursor of vitamin D

Cholesterol

7 dehydrocholesterol –D3 cholecalciferol – D2 ergo calciferol

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Rickets and osteomalacia are caused by deficiencies of what vitamin?

Vitamin D

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Calcium and phosphorous metabolism is the function of…

Vitamin D

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Egg yolk and fortified milk

Sources of vitamin D

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Functions: antioxidant, resists destruction of RBC
Sources: vegetable oils, almonds, green vegetables, whole grains
Deficiency can lead to hemolytic anemia

Vitamins E / tocopherol

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Synthesized by bacteria in lower GI Tract; forms prothrombin in the liver

Vitamin K

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Needed for calcium metabolism. Deficiency can lead to hemorrhage.

Vitamin K

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Vitamin K can be affected by:

Mineral oil, antibiotics, anticoagulants

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Functions:
Oxidation of carbohydrates
Metabolism of pyruvate to acetyle CoA

Thiamin

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Beriberi is a deficiency related to deficiency in:

Thiamin

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Symptoms:

Muscle weakness, memory loss, tachycardia, loss of sensation

Beriberi

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Sources of thiamin/B1

Grains, wheat germ, pork, liver

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Thiamin deficiency can cause an increase in what lab value?

Plasma Pyruvate

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Name for Vitamin B2

Riboflavin

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Functions of riboflavin

Energy release from protein

Red cell production

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Sources of riboflavin

Liver, kidney, meat, milk

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Growth failure, cheilosis, angular stomatitis, and magneta tongue are symptoms of what deficiency?

Riboflavin

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Nutrient essential in all cells for energy production and metabolism (carbs, protein and fat)

Niacin/B3

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Sources of niacin

Protein, peanuts, cereal, chicken, rice, yeast, milk

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Enrichment of grains include these vitamins:

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin

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What are the three D's of pellagra?

Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

Pellagra and a beefy, bright red tongue are symptoms of what deficiency?

Niacin

Para-amino benzoin acid is precursor | Functions: DNA synthesis, forms RBC in bone marrow, prevents neural tube defects

Folate

Sources of folate

Fortified dry cereals, liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, lentils, beans

Folate deficiency leads to

Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia Diarrhea Fatigue

Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism - deamination and transamination

B6/pyridoxine

Higher intake in protein requires increased

Pyridoxine/B6

Sources of B6

Meat and grains: | Meat, wheats corn, yeast, pork, liver, cereal

Deficiency symptoms: | Seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy

Cyanocobalamin Contains cobalt Bound by intrinsic factor in gastric juice

B12

Functions: Coenzyme in protein synthesis Forms red blood cells

B12

Sources of B12

Animal proteins: | Liver, meat, the milk, kidney, eggs, fish, cheese

Deficiency of B12 can lead to these two conditions:

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia | Pernicious anemia - after gastric tony or removal of ilium due to lack of intrinsic factor

Coenzyme A - energy | Synthesis of fatty acids

Pantothenic acid

Sources of Pantothenic acid

Animal foods, grains, legumes

Antioxidant Changes proline into hydroxyproline into collagen which strengthens intercellular substances Wound healing Aids iron absorption

Vitamin C

Sources of vitamin C

Citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green, yellow vegetables

Scurvy is characterized by poor wound healing, bleeding gums, and petechia. This is a symptom of what vitamin deficiency?

Vitamin C

Synthesized by intestinal bacteria, inactivated by avidin

Biotin

Coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis | Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

Biotin

Sources of biotin

Liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast

Deficiency symptoms: Muscle pain Dermatitis Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)

Biotin

Four functions of calcium

Blood clotting Cardiac function Nerve transmission (release of neurotransmitters) Smooth muscle contractility

Most abundant mineral Regulated by parathyroid hormone Vitamin D, acid, lactose aid absorption

Calcium

Sources of calcium

Dairy, leafy vegetables, legumes

Deficiency leads to tetany(stiff muscles)

Calcium

Functions of phosphorous

Part of DNA and RNA Phospholipids transport fat through lymph and blood Bones Teeth

Sources of phosphorous

Animal proteins | Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese

Iron function

Oxygen transport

Iron deficiency

Pale tongue, fatigue Anemia Spoon-shaped nails Pale conjunctivae (mucous membranes lining eyelid)

In most foods, milk,bread

Magnesium

Protein and fatty acid synthesis Stabilizes structure of ATP High pro, calcium, vit D increase need

Magnesium

Magnesium deficiency is rare, but could cause....

Tremors

Excess less to copper or iron absorption

Zinc

Functions of zinc

Increases taste acuity Enhances insulin action Stabilizes DNA, RNA Cell division

Sources of zinc

Animal proteins | Meat, liver, eggs, fish

Reduced immune function Alopecia Poor wound healing Hypogeuisia

Zinc deficiency

Sources of iron

Heme: animal foods, meat, fish, poultry | Non-heme: cereal, vegetables

Absorption of iron is enhanced by

Vitamin C | Calcium if oxalates are present

The following do not aid in absorption of iron

Eggs Tea Milk Cheese

50% in bone 50% in cells Part of chlorophyll

Magnesium

Iodine sources

Seafoods, iodized salt

Iodine deficiency

Goiter

Part of thyroxine

Iodine

Functions of fluoride

Teeth and bone

Sources of fluoride

Soil | Water

Fluoride deficiency

Dental caries

Copper functions

Hemoglobin synthesis | Aids iron absorption

Sources of copper

Liver, kidney, shellfish

Deficiency symptoms: Microcytic anemia Neutropenia Wilson's disease (low serum copper, genetic absence of liver enzyme)

Copper

Cooperates with vitamin E Antioxidant Tissue respiration

Selenium

Sources of selenium

Soil, grains | Animal protein: meat, fish, poultry, dairy

Deficiency symptoms: Myalgia Cardiac myopathy

Selenium

Function: central nervous system

Manganese

Sources of manganese

Whole grains, legumes, nuts

Absorption enhanced with vitamin C and niacin Aids insulin action Glucose metabolism

Chromium

Sources of chromium

Yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver

Chromium deficiency

Insulin resistance

Exists with B12 Maturation of red blood cells Deficiency related to B12

Cobalt

Part of amino acids cysteine, cystine, methionine | Component of organic molecules

Sulfur

Sources of sulfur

Animal proteins: | Meat, fish, eggs, poultry

Choline is a component of ....

Lecithin

Function of choline

Transports lipids as acetylcholine

Sources of choline

Fat in eggs, lived, milk, soybeans