Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble, stored in the liver; carotene is precursor, provitamins converted in intestinal mucosa cells

A

Vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of vitamin A

A

Skin and vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sources of vitamin A

A

Yellow, orange fruits; dark green leafy vegetables

Cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Three results of vitamin a deficiency

A

Night blindness (nyctalopia) - reversible
Xerophthalmia (corneal damage) - not reversible
Dry, scaly skin (hyperkaratosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Precursor of vitamin D

A

Cholesterol

7 dehydrocholesterol –D3 cholecalciferol – D2 ergo calciferol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rickets and osteomalacia are caused by deficiencies of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Calcium and phosphorous metabolism is the function of…

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Egg yolk and fortified milk

A

Sources of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Functions: antioxidant, resists destruction of RBC
Sources: vegetable oils, almonds, green vegetables, whole grains
Deficiency can lead to hemolytic anemia

A

Vitamins E / tocopherol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Synthesized by bacteria in lower GI Tract; forms prothrombin in the liver

A

Vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Needed for calcium metabolism. Deficiency can lead to hemorrhage.

A

Vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vitamin K can be affected by:

A

Mineral oil, antibiotics, anticoagulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions:
Oxidation of carbohydrates
Metabolism of pyruvate to acetyle CoA

A

Thiamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Beriberi is a deficiency related to deficiency in:

A

Thiamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms:

Muscle weakness, memory loss, tachycardia, loss of sensation

A

Beriberi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sources of thiamin/B1

A

Grains, wheat germ, pork, liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Thiamin deficiency can cause an increase in what lab value?

A

Plasma Pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name for Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functions of riboflavin

A

Energy release from protein

Red cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sources of riboflavin

A

Liver, kidney, meat, milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Growth failure, cheilosis, angular stomatitis, and magneta tongue are symptoms of what deficiency?

A

Riboflavin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nutrient essential in all cells for energy production and metabolism (carbs, protein and fat)

A

Niacin/B3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sources of niacin

A

Protein, peanuts, cereal, chicken, rice, yeast, milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Enrichment of grains include these vitamins:

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the three D's of pellagra?
Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
26
Pellagra and a beefy, bright red tongue are symptoms of what deficiency?
Niacin
27
Para-amino benzoin acid is precursor | Functions: DNA synthesis, forms RBC in bone marrow, prevents neural tube defects
Folate
28
Sources of folate
Fortified dry cereals, liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, lentils, beans
29
Folate deficiency leads to
Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia Diarrhea Fatigue
30
Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism - deamination and transamination
B6/pyridoxine
31
Higher intake in protein requires increased
Pyridoxine/B6
32
Sources of B6
Meat and grains: | Meat, wheats corn, yeast, pork, liver, cereal
33
Deficiency symptoms: | Seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy
B6
34
Cyanocobalamin Contains cobalt Bound by intrinsic factor in gastric juice
B12
35
Functions: Coenzyme in protein synthesis Forms red blood cells
B12
36
Sources of B12
Animal proteins: | Liver, meat, the milk, kidney, eggs, fish, cheese
37
Deficiency of B12 can lead to these two conditions:
Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia | Pernicious anemia - after gastric tony or removal of ilium due to lack of intrinsic factor
38
Coenzyme A - energy | Synthesis of fatty acids
Pantothenic acid
39
Sources of Pantothenic acid
Animal foods, grains, legumes
40
Antioxidant Changes proline into hydroxyproline into collagen which strengthens intercellular substances Wound healing Aids iron absorption
Vitamin C
41
Sources of vitamin C
Citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green, yellow vegetables
42
Scurvy is characterized by poor wound healing, bleeding gums, and petechia. This is a symptom of what vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin C
43
Synthesized by intestinal bacteria, inactivated by avidin
Biotin
44
Coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis | Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis
Biotin
45
Sources of biotin
Liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast
46
Deficiency symptoms: Muscle pain Dermatitis Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
Biotin
47
Four functions of calcium
Blood clotting Cardiac function Nerve transmission (release of neurotransmitters) Smooth muscle contractility
48
Most abundant mineral Regulated by parathyroid hormone Vitamin D, acid, lactose aid absorption
Calcium
49
Sources of calcium
Dairy, leafy vegetables, legumes
50
Deficiency leads to tetany(stiff muscles)
Calcium
51
Functions of phosphorous
Part of DNA and RNA Phospholipids transport fat through lymph and blood Bones Teeth
52
Sources of phosphorous
Animal proteins | Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese
53
Iron function
Oxygen transport
54
Iron deficiency
Pale tongue, fatigue Anemia Spoon-shaped nails Pale conjunctivae (mucous membranes lining eyelid)
55
In most foods, milk,bread
Magnesium
56
Protein and fatty acid synthesis Stabilizes structure of ATP High pro, calcium, vit D increase need
Magnesium
57
Magnesium deficiency is rare, but could cause....
Tremors
58
Excess less to copper or iron absorption
Zinc
59
Functions of zinc
Increases taste acuity Enhances insulin action Stabilizes DNA, RNA Cell division
60
Sources of zinc
Animal proteins | Meat, liver, eggs, fish
61
Reduced immune function Alopecia Poor wound healing Hypogeuisia
Zinc deficiency
62
Sources of iron
Heme: animal foods, meat, fish, poultry | Non-heme: cereal, vegetables
63
Absorption of iron is enhanced by
Vitamin C | Calcium if oxalates are present
64
The following do not aid in absorption of iron
Eggs Tea Milk Cheese
65
50% in bone 50% in cells Part of chlorophyll
Magnesium
66
Iodine sources
Seafoods, iodized salt
67
Iodine deficiency
Goiter
68
Part of thyroxine
Iodine
69
Functions of fluoride
Teeth and bone
70
Sources of fluoride
Soil | Water
71
Fluoride deficiency
Dental caries
72
Copper functions
Hemoglobin synthesis | Aids iron absorption
73
Sources of copper
Liver, kidney, shellfish
74
Deficiency symptoms: Microcytic anemia Neutropenia Wilson's disease (low serum copper, genetic absence of liver enzyme)
Copper
75
Cooperates with vitamin E Antioxidant Tissue respiration
Selenium
76
Sources of selenium
Soil, grains | Animal protein: meat, fish, poultry, dairy
77
Deficiency symptoms: Myalgia Cardiac myopathy
Selenium
78
Function: central nervous system
Manganese
79
Sources of manganese
Whole grains, legumes, nuts
80
Absorption enhanced with vitamin C and niacin Aids insulin action Glucose metabolism
Chromium
81
Sources of chromium
Yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver
82
Chromium deficiency
Insulin resistance
83
Exists with B12 Maturation of red blood cells Deficiency related to B12
Cobalt
84
Part of amino acids cysteine, cystine, methionine | Component of organic molecules
Sulfur
85
Sources of sulfur
Animal proteins: | Meat, fish, eggs, poultry
86
Choline is a component of ....
Lecithin
87
Function of choline
Transports lipids as acetylcholine
88
Sources of choline
Fat in eggs, lived, milk, soybeans