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Nutrition Science > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

Medication that promotes insulin secretion

A

Insulin secretagogues - sulfonylureas, meglitinides (Glucotrol)

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2
Q

Medication that enhances insulin action and suppresses hepatic glucose production

A

Biguanides - Metformin (Glucophage)

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3
Q

Medication that improves peripheral insulin sensitivity

A

Thiazolidinediones (Actos)

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4
Q

Inhibits enzymes that digest carbohydrates, delaying absorption

A

Alpha glucosidase inhibitors (Acrobose, Precose)

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5
Q

Medication that enhances insulin secretion and suppresses postprandial glucagon

A

Exenatide (Byetta)

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6
Q

Medication that decreases glucagon production

A

Amylin agonist - Pramlintide (Smylin)

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7
Q

Natural increase in early morning blood glucose and insulin requirements due to increased glucose production in liver after over night fast

A

Dawn phenomenon

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8
Q

Hyperglycemia due ot insulin deficiency or excess carbohydrate intake.

A

Acute ketoacidosis - dehydration due to polyuria, increased pulse, fruity odor of ketones

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9
Q

Tx for acute ketoacidosis

A

Insulin and rehydration

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10
Q

Insulin reaction; due to insulin excess or lack of eating

A

Acute hyperglycemia - slow pulse, cool, clammy skin, hungry, weak, shakiness, sweating

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11
Q

Tx for acute hypoglycemia

A
  1. Begin with 15 g cho from glucose tablets, fruit juice or sugar.
  2. Wait 15 minutes. If still below 70 mg/dL, give another 15 grams.
  3. Repeat and treat until blood glucose is normal.
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12
Q

Long term complications of diabetes

A

Retinopathy - leads to blindness
Neuropathy - peripheral and autonomic; gastroparesis
Nephropathy - leads to decreased kidney function

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13
Q

Ascanthosis nigricans

A

Risk factor for diabetes - gray-brown skin pigmentation in skin folds

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14
Q

Normal blood glucose

A

70 - 100 mg/dl

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15
Q

Normal post-prandial glucose (2 hrs)

A
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16
Q

Impaired fasting glucose

A

100-125 mg/dl

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17
Q

Impaired glucose tolerance (2hr)

A

140-199 mg/dl

18
Q

Criteria for diabetes diagnosis

A

Fasting plasma glucose >126
Glucose tolerance test >200
Symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose >200 mg/dl
HgA1c >6.5

19
Q

Measures % of hemoglobin that has glucose attached; measures hemoglobin

A

Glycolsylated hemoglobin (HgA1c

20
Q

Normal A1c

A
21
Q

A1c goal for diabetics

A
22
Q

Measures of long term blood glucose control

A

A1c - 60-90 days

23
Q

A1c

A

65 and older

24
Q

Goals for all diabetics

A

Maintain normal blood glucose (average preprandial goal 70-130; peak post-prandial average 40/50)
Blood pressure goals

25
Q

Risk factor for developing gestational diabetes

A

BMI >30

26
Q

Strategies for Type 2 diabetes

A 
Healthy eating and physical activity:
Achieve glucose, lipid and blood pressure goals
Weight loss if necessary
Improve food choices, space meals
Exercise
27
Q

Screening for gestational diabetes occurs between which weeks?

A

24-28 weeks

28
Q

Meal breakdown for gestational diabetes

A

3 small-medium meals, 2-3 snacks
175 g CHO/day
15-30 g CHO at breakfast, divide the rest evenly

29
Q

Compare blood glucose response of a food to a standard glucose load

A

glycemic index

30
Q

Meat exchanges:

Lean, medium-fat, high-fat

A

7 g pro, 0-3 g fat, 45 calories (canadian bacon)
7 g pro, 4-7 g fat, 75 calories
7 g pro, >7 g fat, 100 calories

31
Q

Fruit exchange

A

15 g CHO, 60 calories

32
Q

Vegetable exchange

A

5 g CHO, 25 calories

33
Q

Starch exchange

A

15 g CHO, 0-3 g CHO, 1g or less fat, 80 calories

34
Q

Fat exchange

A

45 calories, 5 g fat

35
Q

One choice from the starch, fruit, or milk list = 15 g CHO and each is one CHO choice

A

carb counting

36
Q

Insulin; Acts in 5-15 minutes; Usual duration is 4 hours

A

Rapid acting - aspart (Novolog), lispro (Humalog)

37
Q

Insulin; Take 30-45 minutes before eating; Usual duration of 3-6 hours; 1 unit covers 10-15 grams

A

Short-acting (Regular)

38
Q

Insulin; Onset 2-4 hours; duration 10-18 hours; Include bedtime snack consisting of CHO and protein

A

Intermediate acting - NPH

39
Q

Insulin; onset 2-4 hours; Duration 18-24 hours

A

Long acting - glargine (Lantus), determir (Levemir)

40
Q

Foods with low glycemic index

A

Legumes, milk, nuts, pasta, ice cream, yogurt

Nutrition Science (8 decks)

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