Motivational Theories

Question 1

Determinants of behavior, motivated by the desire to satisfy specific needs
Basic needs - physiological (survival), security, safety
Higher human needs (motivators) - self-esteem, self-actualization, job enrichment

Answer 1

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 2

Motivation and maintenance approach:
Maintenance factors (satisfy/dissatisfy)
- If present and perceived as good - satisfy
- Can prevent motivation from occurring
- Fair wage, benefits, schedule, working conditions
Motivators - call forth energy and enthusiasm, job enrichment
- Achievement, personal accomplishment, recognition, responsibility, opportunity for growth and advancement

Answer 2

Herzberg’s two factor theory

Question 3

Theory suggest all people have three needs: the need to achieve, need for power, and a need for affiliation

Answer 3

McClellands achievement -power-affiliation theory

Question 4

Theories in which attitude of manager toward employees has an impact on job performance

Answer 4

McGregor’s Theory X and Y

Question 5

People inherently dislike work and will avoid it if possible; authoritarian, work centered; workers prefer to be controlled and directed by pressure; motivation through fear; negative; autocratic

Answer 5

Theory X

Question 6

Work is as natural as play or rest; management should arrange conditions so workers can achieve goals by directing own efforts; positive; participative

Answer 6

Theory Y

Question 7

If you involve people in the process , they become more productive due to special attention from supervision; work breaks
Placebo - special attention improves behavior

Answer 7

Hawthorne studies

Question 8

Rewards serve as motivators only under certain circumstances; employees must believe that effective performance leads to certain rewards; must find rewards offered attractive

Answer 8

Expectancy theory - Beer, Vroom

Question 9

Focuses on leader’s effect on employee’s motivation to perform; Motivation to behave in a particular manner is the result of an expectation that a behavior will result in a particular goal and how strongly a person desires the goal

Answer 9

Path-goal theory - Evans, House

Question 10

Leadership styles listed in decreasing order of control

Answer 10

(Most control)

1. Autocratic - demands obedience
2. consultative - asks for input, but makes final decision alone***
3. Bureaucratic - by the book, follows procedures to the letter
4. Participative - emerging trend in management. Encourage workers to participate in decision making. Uses quality circles of employees who meet regularly to identify and solve problems (sharing power with team)
5. Free rein (laissez-faire)

Question 11

Plots leader’s concern for people (employees) vs their concern for production

Answer 11

Leadership grid - Blake, Mouton, McCanse
Scale: 1 is low concern, 9 is high management
Impoverished management - Exert minimum effort to get work done (1,1)
Country club - focus is people (1,9)
Authority, obedience - focus is production (9,1)
Team management - high concern for both (9,9)

Question 12

Four basic systems of organizational leadership:
a. exploitative, autocratic - job centered
b. benevolent, autocratic - job centered
c. consultative - employee centered
d. participative - employee centered
Participative most effective. Employees work under general supervision. Employee oriented; decision-making spread evenly throughout the organization.
Full involvement of employees in setting goals making job-related decisions

Answer 12

Likert - Management of conflict

Question 13

Peter principle

Answer 13

Promoting someone to a level of incompetence