Vitamins +hromons+ minrals Flashcards
Vital elements for skin integrity ?
❛ Protein + Iron
❛ Linoleic acid and α-linolenic
❛ deficiency is a common complication in cirrhotic patient?
Zinc
deficiency of which mineral causes growth retardation and hypogonadism?
zinc
The liver has the ability to oxidize approximately ________ of carbohydrates ?
5 – 7 mg/kg/min
What is the primary reason for using Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) in cirrhotic patients?
improve nitrogen balance + support protein metabolism/synthesis
Which of the following minerals act as the main electrolytes to maintain fluid balance?
Sodium and potassium
during pregnancy, ………. Is required for protein synthesis?
zinc
Protein synthesis in pregnant women?
Increases in secend 15% and third 25%
In the management of cirrhosis, particularly when assessing for remission, which of the following is most important to monitor in relation to iron levels?
Ferritin levels
Which of the following is a measurement of body iron stores/storages?
Ferritin
With respect to vitamins and minerals, people with cirrhosis?
❛ May develop calcium deficiencies
also zinc,magnesium.
All the following are aromatic amino acids except ? (AAA) neww
A. Valine
B. Phenylalanine
C. tyrosine
D. tryptophan
A. Valine
a child has lethargy, dry lips, protein energy malnutrition PEM?
Cracks and redness at the corners of the mouth + cheilosis
B2 deficiency (riboflavin)
Important nutrient for a patient with Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Zinc
Potassium-calcium-magnesium
lower blood pressure
Most of the body magnesium can be found in the?
bones
Which of the following carbohydrates is not a monosaccharide?
a. Fructose
b. Galactose
c. Maltose
d. Glucose and xylose and ribose and dextrose
c. Maltose
We should avoid monosaccharides before exercise because it can cause?
Diarrhea
Patient with muscle cramps, what vitamin to give?
B6 pyridoxine
A patient presents with muscle cramps. What supplement is commonly recommended to address this issue?
Magnesium
Use of … Supplements such as pectin and gum to prevent……….. ?
soluble , diarrhea
The digestive hormone gastrin exerts all of the following effects except?
a) Increased esophageal sphincter pressure
b) Decreased pepsinogen production by the stomach
c) Increased gallbladder contraction
d) Increased HDL production by the parietal cells
b) Decreased pepsinogen production by the stomach
is a hormone that stimulates gastric secretions and motility
Gastrin
Hormone stimulate secretion of bile and pancreatic juice?
Cholecystokinin CCK
Hormone that contracts the gallbladder and stimulates the pancreas to release enzymes ?
CCK
The stimulus for the release of the hormone cholecystokinin is?
the presence of fat in the duodenum
The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release its secretions is?
secretin
Which hormone stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice and inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying (the opposite of gastrin)?
Secretin
A patient with gastric resection may need which supplement?
Vitamin B12
Which of the following is NOT an adipocytokine?
a) Leptin
b) Resistin
c) Adiponectin
d) Ghrelin
d) Ghreli
Ghrelin is a hormone produced mainly in the stomach that stimulates appetite,
leptin, resistin, and adiponectin are all adipocytokines produced by adipose (fat) tissue.
The best choice for measuring long-term glucose control would be?
HbA1c
In long-term parenteral nutrition (PN), which of the following minerals is most commonly deficient?
Selenium
Zinc deficiency affects hair by making it ?
Sparse and thin
The chemical messengers that help to regulate and control enzyme activity are?
Hormones
The lab test used to determine the state of nitrogen balance is the?
Urinary urea nitrogen
To differentiate between Prerenal renal failure and renal failure, which parameter would be most indicative?
Creatinine-to-bun ratio,
The electrolytes that may rise rapidly in people with acute renal failure who are catabolic include?
Potassium, phosphorus, mag
Iron deficiency is common in both hemodialysis and peritoneal patients due to the kidney inability to make adequate ___________ for production of red blood cells ?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
minerals may cause anorexia and taste alteration in a hemodialysis patient when the plasma level of this mineral is low?
zinc
What is the active form of vitamin D
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) D-1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-[OH]2D3)
Increased intake of calcium in renal failure is necessary to reduce?
loss of bone mass, or renal osteodystrophy.
A patient with kidney failure is being assessed for vitamin deficiencies. Which type of vitamin D deficiency is most commonly associated with kidney failure?
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
The kidney helps to regulate blood pressure by secreting _________ ?
Renin
Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor and causes the adrenal cortex to produce the hormone that increases sodium retention and potassium excretion. What hormone is it?
Aldosterone
important for blood pressure regulation, potassium, magnesium important
Calcium
Vitamin _______ may improve response to erythropoietin in hemodialysis?
Vitamin D
Someone undergoing hemodialysis (HD) tests negative for calcium. Which vitamin might they need?
Vitamin D
vitamin is needed for red blood cells synthesis ?
B12
Which of the following acts as a constituent of coenzyme A in cellular metabolism?
a) Thiamin
b) Biotin
c) Riboflavin
d) Pantothenic acid b5
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is a crucial component of coenzyme A (CoA), which plays a central role in cellular metabolism
a pregnant woman experiencing acid reflux, which hormonal factor is most likely contributing to the condition?
Progesterone (progesterone and estrogen)
What is the role of estrogen in bone loss?
estrogen reduces bone resorption and maintain bone strength
+ supports calcium absorption.
The fatty meal in the small intestine stimulates the release of?
Lipase
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for digesting lipids in the small intestine?
Pancreatic lipase
Which one of the following is not a gastrointestinal secretion?
a) enzyme
b) mucus
c) water
d) bile
d) bile
Identify the function which is not associated with the hormone insulin.?
a) Moves glucose into the cell
b) Inhibits fat breakdown
c) Converts glucose into glycogen
d) Mobilizes liver glycogen to yield glucose
d) Mobilizes liver glycogen to yield glucose
Divides fat into smaller pieces to assist enzymes?
Bile
Which type of fat requires bile for digestion?
LCF (Long-Chain Fatty Acids) triglycerides
What vitamin deficiency might be seen in patients with a colostomy or ileostomy?
vitamin B12 and vitamin D are the most common concerns
Folate and iron play an important role in the formation of?
a. Hemoglobin
b. Cells
a. Hemoglobin
Hypogeusia, hyposmia, poor wound healing, and short stature and development are characteristic of?
Zinc deficiency
during pregnancy…….. Is required for formulation of connective tissue?
Vitamin C
Which of following vitamins is easy to destroy by heat ?
Thiamin and folate are sensitive to heat also.
Vitamin C
Which of the following nutrients are destroyed by UV light?
Riboflavin
Antacid medications may decrease absorption of ?
A. Iron
B. Folate
C. B12
preeclampsia supplementation
Calcium supplementation may help reduce symptom severity if a mother’s baseline calcium intake has been less than 600 mg/day (for preeclampsia).
Preeclampsia ( vitamin d, calcium) and vitamin B9 folate
Magnesium sulfate is sometimes used to treat women with preeclampsia. Also
Diabetics who are taking biguanides (metformin) may require supplementation with which nutrient(s)?
B12-B9 folic acid
Parathyroid hormone level may be elevated during chronic kidney disease due to increased________ ?
A. Potassium
B. Phosphate
C. Sodium
D. All of above
B. Phosphate
Iron in egg yolk is poorly absorbed because of ?
the presence of phosvitin
