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Human nutrition and physiology > Vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

How many vitamins are there?

A

13

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2
Q

What is a difference between minerals and vitamins?

A

Vitamins are organic compounds and minerals are non-organic compounds.

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3
Q

For minerals there is a small margin between RI and UL, what does that mean?

A

Small margin between recommended intake and tolarable upper intake level

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4
Q

Where does calcium, phosphorus and magnesium act and what are there function?

A

Where - bone mass
Function - stucture

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5
Q

Where and what does iodine do?

A

Regulate hormone production
thyroid hormones

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6
Q

Iron? Where and What function?

A

Transportation
Hemoglobin

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7
Q

Vitamin E, C and selenium?
where and what function?

A

Protection, anioxidants

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8
Q

Zinc? where and what function?

A

Building blocks in enzymes
Alcohol dehydrogenase

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9
Q

Phosphorus? Where and what?

A

Component of DNA

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10
Q

sodium and potassium? Where and what?

A

Nerve signals
In neurons

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11
Q

Fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vit A, D, E and K

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12
Q

Water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin B and C

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13
Q

What is vitamin A?

A

A collection of compunds with vitamin A activity:
Retinol, retinal, retinolic acid, retinyl esters and carotenoids

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14
Q

Function of Vitamin A?

A

good vision, growth, differentiation and immune system

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15
Q

Deficiency of Vit A?

A

Night blindness, follicular hyperkeratosis, dry eyes, increased risk of infections, reduced appetite

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16
Q

Overconsumption Vit A?

A

Irritation, hair loss, liver damage, injury to the fetus, hypercarotenimia (yellow/orange skin)

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17
Q

Dietary sources of Vit A?

A

Liver, fatty fisk, fortified margarine and carrots

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18
Q

Classification of Vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol (D3) ergocalciferol (D2)

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19
Q

Functions of Vit D?

A

Calcium and phosphate levels, immune system and gene regulation

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20
Q

What is rickets and osteomalcia caused by?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

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21
Q

Dietary source of Vit D?

A

Fatty fish, eggs and mushrooms

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22
Q

Classification of Vitamin E?

A

Tocopherols and tocotrienols (alpha-tocopherol most important)

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23
Q

Function of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant for peroxyl radicals in cell membranes and lipoproteins (regenerated from Vit C)

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24
Q

Deficiency of Vit E?

A

It is rare but occurs special conditions as fat malabsorption and hemolytic anemia

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25
Q

Overconsumption of Vit E?

A

Increased risk of bleeding

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26
Q

Dietary sources of Vit E?

A

Vegatable oils, margarine, egg yolk and almonds

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27
Q

Classification of Vitamin K?

A

Phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinone (K2)

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28
Q

Function of Vit K?

A

Important for the synthesis of coagulation proteins and osteocalcin

29
Q

Dietary sources of Vit K?

A

K1 (broccoli, brussels sprout, rapeseed oil) and K2 (liver, some algea)

30
Q

Classifications of minerals
Macro elements (milli-gram)

A

Calcium, phosphorous, sulfur, potassium, sodium, chloride and magnesium

31
Q

Classification of minerals
Micro/trace elements
(mikro - milligram)

A

Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Selenium, Iodine, Molybdenum, Cobolt

32
Q

Absorption of non heme iron and heme iron?

A

Non heme: 5-15%
Heme: 15-35%

33
Q

What effects the absoption of iron?

A

Inhibited by polyphenols but is stimulated by vitamin C

34
Q

Function of Iron?

A

Transportation of oxygen through hemoglobin, myoglobin and part of many enzymes (eg. catalase)

35
Q

Function of Magnesium?

A

Growth, nerve- and muscle cell function, cofactor in around 300 enzymes (some of which are imortant in energy metabolism) 50-55% of magnesium in bone tissue

36
Q

Deficiency of magnesium?

A

Rare but can include muscle weakness, abormal neuromuscular function, cramps and cardiac arrhythmia

37
Q

Dieary source of Magnesium?

A

Green leafy vegetables, whole grain cereal, nuts, meat and fish

38
Q

Function of calcium?

A

Teeth and bone tissue, coagulation, muscle contraction and the nervous system

39
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

Calcium deficiency

40
Q

What causes Hypercalcemia?

A

An overconsumption of calcium together with Vitamin D

41
Q

Dietary sources of Calcium?

A

Dairy, legumes and broccoli

42
Q

Function of Phosphorous?

A

Incorporated into different phosphate compounds 8eg. ATP phospholipids and DNA/RNA), acid-base balance, necessary for normal bone growth (phosphorylation of collagen) 85% of all phosphorous in bone and teeth

43
Q

Deficiency of phosphorous?

A

Not observed in healty indiciduals- Been observed in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and liver cirrhosis (loss of appetite, rickets, ataxia)

44
Q

Dietary source of phosphorous?

A

dairy, meat, fish, nuts and legumes

45
Q

Function of the bone?

A

Structure, storage of minerals, protection, mobility and production of red and white blood cells

46
Q

Difference between trabecular and cortical bone?

A

Trabecular bone has a large surface exposed to the bone marrow and blood flow, and the turnover is higher than in cortical bone [1]. Resorption takes place along bone surfaces in the trabecular bone, whereas in the cortical bone, resorption tunnels through the bone itself

47
Q

What does bone consist of?

A

50-70% minerals and 20-40% organic matrix (collagen)

48
Q

In what form are the minerals in the bones?

A

In hydroxyapatite (Ca10)PO4)6(OH)2

49
Q

What is remodelling of bone dependent on?

A
  • Bone strength and mineral (calcium and phosphate) homeostasis
  • Osteoblasts (formation) and osteoclasts (resorption)
  • PTH, vitamin D and calcitonin
50
Q

How does Parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect bone metabolism?

A

PTH influences bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time. PTH is secreted in response to low blood serum calcium (Ca2+) levels. PTH indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity within the bone matrix (osteon), in an effort to release more ionic calcium (Ca2+) into the blood to elevate a low serum calcium level. The bones act as a (metaphorical) “bank of calcium” from which the body can make “withdrawals” as needed to keep the amount of calcium in the blood at appropriate levels despite the ever-present challenges of metabolism, stress, and nutritional variations. PTH is “a key that unlocks the bank vault” to remove the calcium.

51
Q

What is the role of calcitonin in bone metabolism?

A

It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

52
Q

Some factors influencing bone health?

A

Physical activity, smoking, medication, certain diseases, nutrition, alcohol consumption, genes, peak bone mass, age, gender, mechanical load

53
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone weakening increases the risk of a broken bone. The osteoclast activity is higher than osteoblast activity.
Low bone mass –> weakening of the bone –> fractures
More prevalent in postmenopausal women (estrogen)

54
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Inadequte bone mineralisation –> soft bone mass
In children - rickets
Vitamin D deficiency

55
Q

What does Vitamin D- 1,25 (OH)2-D3 regulate?

A

Calcium and phosphorous levels through intestinal absorption, bone resorption and renal reabsorption

56
Q

Calcium and phosphorous

A

Mineralization of bone (hydroxyapatite) and phosphorylationof collagen in organic matrix

57
Q

What is osteoclacin?

A

Osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts and thought to play a role in the body’s metabolic regulation. In its carboxylated form it binds calcium directly and thus concentrates in bone, but genetic evidence has revealed that it does not play an important role in bone mineralization.
its synthesis is vitamin K dependent.

58
Q

What can influence bioavailability?

A
  • Chemical form (eg. heme and non heme iron)
  • Genetic variations (eg. hemochromatosis)
  • Individual status (eg. Iron in iron deficiency)
  • Dietary factors (eg. oxalate and calcium or phytate and phosphorous)
  • Pathophysiological changes (eg. B12 and IF)
  • Interactions (eg. zinc and coppar)
59
Q

Motivate what vitamin D does?

A

increase absorption of calcium from intestine – break down bone release into blood –
mke sure kidney reabsobs, to not excrete that much calcium into urin
Vit D may also effect gene expression – says to certain genes to be expressed to increase calcium in blood

60
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Break down bone - releases calcium into blood

61
Q

What do osteonblasts do?

A

Build up bone

62
Q

Where is vitamin E located?

A

Between phospholipids in cellmembrane

63
Q

What is hemochromatosis ?

A

A condition when body can’t regulate iron intake

64
Q

What does magnesium do?

A

Muscle contraction and nerve signals

65
Q

What is the nutritionism aspect ?

A

When focus on the effect of a single nutrient

66
Q

What does the bone consist of?

A
  • 50-70% minerals – Hydroxylapatit
  • 20-40% matrix – water, proteins (collagen) etc.
67
Q

What is Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 - Hydroxylapatit?

A

The mineral that form the mineral content of bone tissue. Binds calcium and phosphorus together

68
Q

How is vitamin C related to bone?

A

Vitamin C is responsible for collagen synthesis, which is important in the protein part of bone matrix
(why you get scurvy)

69
Q

How is vitamin K related to bone?

A

Vit K important in producing Osteocalcin which is responsible to bind Ca2+ into bone

As osteocalcin is produced by osteoblasts, it is often used as a marker for the bone formation process.

Human nutrition and physiology (17 decks)

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