Vitamins and minerals Flashcards
How many vitamins are there?
13
What is a difference between minerals and vitamins?
Vitamins are organic compounds and minerals are non-organic compounds.
For minerals there is a small margin between RI and UL, what does that mean?
Small margin between recommended intake and tolarable upper intake level
Where does calcium, phosphorus and magnesium act and what are there function?
Where - bone mass
Function - stucture
Where and what does iodine do?
Regulate hormone production
thyroid hormones
Iron? Where and What function?
Transportation
Hemoglobin
Vitamin E, C and selenium?
where and what function?
Protection, anioxidants
Zinc? where and what function?
Building blocks in enzymes
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Phosphorus? Where and what?
Component of DNA
sodium and potassium? Where and what?
Nerve signals
In neurons
Fat soluble vitamins?
Vit A, D, E and K
Water soluble vitamins?
Vitamin B and C
What is vitamin A?
A collection of compunds with vitamin A activity:
Retinol, retinal, retinolic acid, retinyl esters and carotenoids
Function of Vitamin A?
good vision, growth, differentiation and immune system
Deficiency of Vit A?
Night blindness, follicular hyperkeratosis, dry eyes, increased risk of infections, reduced appetite
Overconsumption Vit A?
Irritation, hair loss, liver damage, injury to the fetus, hypercarotenimia (yellow/orange skin)
Dietary sources of Vit A?
Liver, fatty fisk, fortified margarine and carrots
Classification of Vitamin D
Cholecalciferol (D3) ergocalciferol (D2)
Functions of Vit D?
Calcium and phosphate levels, immune system and gene regulation
What is rickets and osteomalcia caused by?
Vitamin D deficiency
Dietary source of Vit D?
Fatty fish, eggs and mushrooms
Classification of Vitamin E?
Tocopherols and tocotrienols (alpha-tocopherol most important)
Function of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant for peroxyl radicals in cell membranes and lipoproteins (regenerated from Vit C)
Deficiency of Vit E?
It is rare but occurs special conditions as fat malabsorption and hemolytic anemia
Overconsumption of Vit E?
Increased risk of bleeding
Dietary sources of Vit E?
Vegatable oils, margarine, egg yolk and almonds
Classification of Vitamin K?
Phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinone (K2)
Function of Vit K?
Important for the synthesis of coagulation proteins and osteocalcin
Dietary sources of Vit K?
K1 (broccoli, brussels sprout, rapeseed oil) and K2 (liver, some algea)
Classifications of minerals
Macro elements (milli-gram)
Calcium, phosphorous, sulfur, potassium, sodium, chloride and magnesium
Classification of minerals
Micro/trace elements
(mikro - milligram)
Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Selenium, Iodine, Molybdenum, Cobolt
Absorption of non heme iron and heme iron?
Non heme: 5-15%
Heme: 15-35%
What effects the absoption of iron?
Inhibited by polyphenols but is stimulated by vitamin C
Function of Iron?
Transportation of oxygen through hemoglobin, myoglobin and part of many enzymes (eg. catalase)
Function of Magnesium?
Growth, nerve- and muscle cell function, cofactor in around 300 enzymes (some of which are imortant in energy metabolism) 50-55% of magnesium in bone tissue
Deficiency of magnesium?
Rare but can include muscle weakness, abormal neuromuscular function, cramps and cardiac arrhythmia
Dieary source of Magnesium?
Green leafy vegetables, whole grain cereal, nuts, meat and fish
Function of calcium?
Teeth and bone tissue, coagulation, muscle contraction and the nervous system
What causes osteoporosis?
Calcium deficiency
What causes Hypercalcemia?
An overconsumption of calcium together with Vitamin D
Dietary sources of Calcium?
Dairy, legumes and broccoli
Function of Phosphorous?
Incorporated into different phosphate compounds 8eg. ATP phospholipids and DNA/RNA), acid-base balance, necessary for normal bone growth (phosphorylation of collagen) 85% of all phosphorous in bone and teeth
Deficiency of phosphorous?
Not observed in healty indiciduals- Been observed in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and liver cirrhosis (loss of appetite, rickets, ataxia)
Dietary source of phosphorous?
dairy, meat, fish, nuts and legumes
Function of the bone?
Structure, storage of minerals, protection, mobility and production of red and white blood cells
Difference between trabecular and cortical bone?
Trabecular bone has a large surface exposed to the bone marrow and blood flow, and the turnover is higher than in cortical bone [1]. Resorption takes place along bone surfaces in the trabecular bone, whereas in the cortical bone, resorption tunnels through the bone itself
What does bone consist of?
50-70% minerals and 20-40% organic matrix (collagen)
In what form are the minerals in the bones?
In hydroxyapatite (Ca10)PO4)6(OH)2
What is remodelling of bone dependent on?
- Bone strength and mineral (calcium and phosphate) homeostasis
- Osteoblasts (formation) and osteoclasts (resorption)
- PTH, vitamin D and calcitonin
How does Parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect bone metabolism?
PTH influences bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately resorbed and rebuilt over time. PTH is secreted in response to low blood serum calcium (Ca2+) levels. PTH indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity within the bone matrix (osteon), in an effort to release more ionic calcium (Ca2+) into the blood to elevate a low serum calcium level. The bones act as a (metaphorical) “bank of calcium” from which the body can make “withdrawals” as needed to keep the amount of calcium in the blood at appropriate levels despite the ever-present challenges of metabolism, stress, and nutritional variations. PTH is “a key that unlocks the bank vault” to remove the calcium.
What is the role of calcitonin in bone metabolism?
It acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Some factors influencing bone health?
Physical activity, smoking, medication, certain diseases, nutrition, alcohol consumption, genes, peak bone mass, age, gender, mechanical load
What is osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone weakening increases the risk of a broken bone. The osteoclast activity is higher than osteoblast activity.
Low bone mass –> weakening of the bone –> fractures
More prevalent in postmenopausal women (estrogen)
What is osteomalacia?
Inadequte bone mineralisation –> soft bone mass
In children - rickets
Vitamin D deficiency
What does Vitamin D- 1,25 (OH)2-D3 regulate?
Calcium and phosphorous levels through intestinal absorption, bone resorption and renal reabsorption
Calcium and phosphorous
Mineralization of bone (hydroxyapatite) and phosphorylationof collagen in organic matrix
What is osteoclacin?
Osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts and thought to play a role in the body’s metabolic regulation. In its carboxylated form it binds calcium directly and thus concentrates in bone, but genetic evidence has revealed that it does not play an important role in bone mineralization.
its synthesis is vitamin K dependent.
What can influence bioavailability?
- Chemical form (eg. heme and non heme iron)
- Genetic variations (eg. hemochromatosis)
- Individual status (eg. Iron in iron deficiency)
- Dietary factors (eg. oxalate and calcium or phytate and phosphorous)
- Pathophysiological changes (eg. B12 and IF)
- Interactions (eg. zinc and coppar)
Motivate what vitamin D does?
increase absorption of calcium from intestine – break down bone release into blood –
mke sure kidney reabsobs, to not excrete that much calcium into urin
Vit D may also effect gene expression – says to certain genes to be expressed to increase calcium in blood
What do osteoclasts do?
Break down bone - releases calcium into blood
What do osteonblasts do?
Build up bone
Where is vitamin E located?
Between phospholipids in cellmembrane
What is hemochromatosis ?
A condition when body can’t regulate iron intake
What does magnesium do?
Muscle contraction and nerve signals
What is the nutritionism aspect ?
When focus on the effect of a single nutrient
What does the bone consist of?
- 50-70% minerals – Hydroxylapatit
- 20-40% matrix – water, proteins (collagen) etc.
What is Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 - Hydroxylapatit?
The mineral that form the mineral content of bone tissue. Binds calcium and phosphorus together
How is vitamin C related to bone?
Vitamin C is responsible for collagen synthesis, which is important in the protein part of bone matrix
(why you get scurvy)
How is vitamin K related to bone?
Vit K important in producing Osteocalcin which is responsible to bind Ca2+ into bone
As osteocalcin is produced by osteoblasts, it is often used as a marker for the bone formation process.
