Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

calcium is needed for

Answer 1

bone composition

Question 2

phosphorus is needed for

Answer 2

growth and hair

Question 3

sodium is needed for

Answer 3

maintaining blood pressure

Question 4

Vitamins

Answer 4

organic micronutrient
small amounts but essential for normal physiologc function
absence causes a deficiency sign

Question 5

minerals

Answer 5

inorganic elements in food

stuctural, critical constituent of body fluids, catalysts, and cofactors

Question 6

Toxicities

Answer 6

protein: renal disease
fat: obesity and diabetes
calcium: bone deformation,urinary stones
phosphorus: bone loss,renal disease
sodium: hypertension, renal disease

Question 7

deficiencies

Answer 7

protein: poor growth
fat: skin disease
calcium: bone strength
phosphorus: poor growth, dull coat
sodium: fatigue, wter balance

Question 8

Proteins optimal range

Answer 8

varies by age, wide range of optimial intake

no toxicity

Question 9

Selenium optimal range

Answer 9

very small toxicity n def can happen easily

Question 10

optimals vary with stages in life

Answer 10

stressed : need more but small tolerance

Younger: need more bt less tolerant

Question 11

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 11

require fat
stored effectively
can be toxic in excess

Question 12

water soluble vitamins

Answer 12

not stored effectively
daily intake is constant
excessive intake is safe

Question 13

Wht are the fat soluble vitamins

Answer 13

A
D
E
K
	E and K are very safe

Question 14

water soluble vitamins

Answer 14

thiamin b1, bioflavin b2, niacin, pyridoxine b6, pantothenic acid, folic acid, cobalamin b12, biotin, choline, vitamin c

Question 15

Macro Minerals

Answer 15

calcium
phosphorus
potasium 
sodium
magnesium
cl
sulfur
	need more in the diet everyday

Question 16

functions of macromolecules

Answer 16

structure of bones and teeth
membrane potential
fluid balance
acid base balance
second messengers
storage and transport ofenergy 
cofactors of enzymes

Question 17

Functions of microminerals

Answer 17

associated with a specific molecule
like anenzyme, hormone, carrier protein or vitamin
co-enzymes
required in trace amounts

Question 18

micro minerals

Answer 18

iron
copper
manganese
zinc
selenium
colbalt
iodine

Question 19

ultra trace elements

Answer 19

molybdenum
fluorine
nickel
silicon
arsenic
chromium
vanadium
	in some species there is a min. req for these, but unknown if it is for all species.

Question 20

Micronutrient deficiencies occur in

Answer 20

K
Thiamin B1
Cobalamin B12
Calcium
Zinc
Iron
Se
Mg
	affects all species or select species

Question 21

Vitamin K cycle

Answer 21

clots
get requirements from the gut
K1: phylloquinone (plants)
K2: bacterial syntesis
K3: menadione synthtic form

Question 22

vitamin K deficiency

Answer 22

hemorrhaging

uncommon but occurs in rat poisoning or moldy sweet clover

Question 23

Thiamine B1

Answer 23

cofactor in energy rxns

from ruminal microbes in ruminants

Question 24

Thiamine B1 deficiency

Answer 24

affects every species
anorexia and weight loss
neurological symptoms
cardiovasc and resp symptoms
		Becomes inactivated by heat and thiaminases n hi sulfur diet.  (ruminants: high grain diets  monogast: raw fish/shellfish)

Question 25

thiamin deficiency causes

Answer 25

star gazing (opisthotonus)
	abnormal hypertension, spazms of the neck (neck flexed and downward), blindness and staggering, loses thiamin by urination from other disorders

Question 26

Cobalamin b12

Answer 26

absorbed in the ileum ONLY

requires intrinsic factor from the stomach

Question 27

hypocobalaminemia in cats

Answer 27

found common in cats for chonic GI symptoms
decreases cobalmin
treated with cobalmin
will not respond to other therapies if cobalamin is low

Question 28

calcium to phosphorus ratio in dogs

Answer 28

1 or 1.5 to 1

Question 29

calcium to phosphorus ratio in cats

Answer 29

1:1 about

Question 30

Calcium deficiency

Answer 30

postparturient ypocalcemia (milk fever)- eclampsia
very common in homemade diets

Question 31

Iron deficiency

Answer 31

from chonic blood loss, otherwise not all that common
usually fine with good food.
Anemia is an iron deficieny

Question 32

Magnesium

Answer 32

majority in bone or intracellularly
only 1% in plasma
mostly unbound
some bound but mainly to albumin

Question 33

Mg deficiency

Answer 33

neuromuscular signs
Hypomagesemic tetany inadult rumminants
common in grazers
low urinary mg
nervous, tremors, twitching of facial muscles, staggering, convusions,
occurs in pastures with increases manure content or nitrogent content

Question 34

zinc deficiency

Answer 34

In Pigs: parakeratosis- reddening of the skin and scabs
abnormal growth, depressed appetite
In Calves: inflammation of nose and mouth
stiffness of joints and swollen feet parakeratosis
improvement is rapid and dramatic with zn supplements but has a small margin of safety and can destroy red blood cells

Question 35

Copper toxicity

Answer 35

Sheep are very sensative
pigs and cows mostly resistant
where there is an iron overload
laryngitis, bronchitis, diarrheaa,anemia,emaciation

Question 36

Iodine

Answer 36

mostly in the thyroid gland
15-20 mg in the body
component of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 made from the thyroid gland

Question 37

Iodine T3 hormone

Answer 37

major active formof thyroid hormone. Acts like a steroid hormone.
made from T4 in liver and kidney via iodothyronine deiodionases
t3 binds to nuclear receptors on target tissue and interacts withdna to modulate transcription

Question 38

t4 is the major

Answer 38

circulating thyroid hormone

Question 39

iodine deficiency

Answer 39

Goiter (overgrowth of the thyroid)
reproductive abnormalities, weak, dead young, hairless
In Young: decreased osteoblast acctivity because less t3, growth arrest, epiphyseal dysgenesis and dalay bone age
no effect on bone in adullts

Question 40

what is the greatest cause of preventable brain damage

Answer 40

iodine deficiency

failure of dev of crebrlcorex (vsual n auditry areas)

Question 41

vitamin C is essential in

Answer 41

capybara, guinea pigs
fruit bats
teleost fish
primates
psserine birds

Question 42

microvitamins toxic in excess

Answer 42

vitamin A
Vitamin D
Calcium

Question 43

Microminerals toxic in excess

Answer 43

mg

cu

Question 44

vitamin a toxicity

Answer 44

Used for: vision and cell differentiation
3 kinds: retinal,retinol,retinoic acid
Cats NEED vitamin A
B-carotene can be converted in some species
Causes: bone pain, bony chnges (bony fusions), nerologic signs

Question 45

vitamin D

Answer 45

Some species can make it some can’t
Steroid prohormone
works at the nuclear level
biosynthesis can be inadequate, and consumptionwill compensate indecrease in biosynthesis
Needed for calcium metabolism (active transport of calcium needs vitamin D)
dogs and cats cant make vitamin d even with sun

Question 46

vitamin D toxicity and deficiency

Answer 46

Deficienc: impared mineralization of growing bones (rickets)
toxicity:uncommon from diet alone, but found in rodenticides –renal failure, soft tissue mineralziation n accumulates in the fat

Question 47

steotitus

Answer 47

inflammation of body fat

Question 48

Vitamin E deficiency

Answer 48

with fatty acids (fish oils) you need more vitamin e
Antioxidant
linked to pufa intake
Deficiency: species specific, other compounds can help (selenium and methionine)
seen in swine and sometimes cats

Question 49

Micronutrients of special concern for cats

Answer 49

1. Vitamin A (cannot make this)
2. Thiamin B1 (other disorders can cause a deficiency)
3. pyridoxine (cn be paired with thyaminase)
4. cobalamin (sensative to antibiotics or gi diseases)

Question 50

what do cats have a high dietary req for

Answer 50

Niacin and pyridoxine (B6)

Question 51

micronutrients of rare clinical relavance

Answer 51

riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, vitamin c, biiotin,choline, copper, mangangese, cobalt, ultra trace elements.

Question 52

Micronutrients lacking in homade dog and cat food

Answer 52

calcium!!!!
microminerals!
thiamin (B1)
cobalamin (B12)
taurine