Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards
calcium is needed for
bone composition
phosphorus is needed for
growth and hair
sodium is needed for
maintaining blood pressure
Vitamins
organic micronutrient
small amounts but essential for normal physiologc function
absence causes a deficiency sign
minerals
inorganic elements in food
stuctural, critical constituent of body fluids, catalysts, and cofactors
Toxicities
protein: renal disease
fat: obesity and diabetes
calcium: bone deformation,urinary stones
phosphorus: bone loss,renal disease
sodium: hypertension, renal disease
deficiencies
protein: poor growth
fat: skin disease
calcium: bone strength
phosphorus: poor growth, dull coat
sodium: fatigue, wter balance
Proteins optimal range
varies by age, wide range of optimial intake
no toxicity
Selenium optimal range
very small toxicity n def can happen easily
optimals vary with stages in life
stressed : need more but small tolerance
Younger: need more bt less tolerant
fat soluble vitamins
require fat
stored effectively
can be toxic in excess
water soluble vitamins
not stored effectively
daily intake is constant
excessive intake is safe
Wht are the fat soluble vitamins
A D E K E and K are very safe
water soluble vitamins
thiamin b1, bioflavin b2, niacin, pyridoxine b6, pantothenic acid, folic acid, cobalamin b12, biotin, choline, vitamin c
Macro Minerals
calcium phosphorus potasium sodium magnesium cl sulfur need more in the diet everyday
functions of macromolecules
structure of bones and teeth membrane potential fluid balance acid base balance second messengers storage and transport ofenergy cofactors of enzymes
Functions of microminerals
associated with a specific molecule
like anenzyme, hormone, carrier protein or vitamin
co-enzymes
required in trace amounts
micro minerals
iron copper manganese zinc selenium colbalt iodine
ultra trace elements
molybdenum fluorine nickel silicon arsenic chromium vanadium in some species there is a min. req for these, but unknown if it is for all species.
Micronutrient deficiencies occur in
K Thiamin B1 Cobalamin B12 Calcium Zinc Iron Se Mg affects all species or select species
Vitamin K cycle
clots get requirements from the gut K1: phylloquinone (plants) K2: bacterial syntesis K3: menadione synthtic form
vitamin K deficiency
hemorrhaging
uncommon but occurs in rat poisoning or moldy sweet clover
Thiamine B1
cofactor in energy rxns
from ruminal microbes in ruminants
Thiamine B1 deficiency
affects every species anorexia and weight loss neurological symptoms cardiovasc and resp symptoms Becomes inactivated by heat and thiaminases n hi sulfur diet. (ruminants: high grain diets monogast: raw fish/shellfish)
thiamin deficiency causes
star gazing (opisthotonus) abnormal hypertension, spazms of the neck (neck flexed and downward), blindness and staggering, loses thiamin by urination from other disorders
Cobalamin b12
absorbed in the ileum ONLY
requires intrinsic factor from the stomach
hypocobalaminemia in cats
found common in cats for chonic GI symptoms
decreases cobalmin
treated with cobalmin
will not respond to other therapies if cobalamin is low
calcium to phosphorus ratio in dogs
1 or 1.5 to 1
calcium to phosphorus ratio in cats
1:1 about
Calcium deficiency
postparturient ypocalcemia (milk fever)- eclampsia very common in homemade diets
Iron deficiency
from chonic blood loss, otherwise not all that common
usually fine with good food.
Anemia is an iron deficieny
Magnesium
majority in bone or intracellularly
only 1% in plasma
mostly unbound
some bound but mainly to albumin
Mg deficiency
neuromuscular signs
Hypomagesemic tetany inadult rumminants
common in grazers
low urinary mg
nervous, tremors, twitching of facial muscles, staggering, convusions,
occurs in pastures with increases manure content or nitrogent content
zinc deficiency
In Pigs: parakeratosis- reddening of the skin and scabs
abnormal growth, depressed appetite
In Calves: inflammation of nose and mouth
stiffness of joints and swollen feet parakeratosis
improvement is rapid and dramatic with zn supplements but has a small margin of safety and can destroy red blood cells
Copper toxicity
Sheep are very sensative
pigs and cows mostly resistant
where there is an iron overload
laryngitis, bronchitis, diarrheaa,anemia,emaciation
Iodine
mostly in the thyroid gland
15-20 mg in the body
component of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 made from the thyroid gland
Iodine T3 hormone
major active formof thyroid hormone. Acts like a steroid hormone.
made from T4 in liver and kidney via iodothyronine deiodionases
t3 binds to nuclear receptors on target tissue and interacts withdna to modulate transcription
t4 is the major
circulating thyroid hormone
iodine deficiency
Goiter (overgrowth of the thyroid)
reproductive abnormalities, weak, dead young, hairless
In Young: decreased osteoblast acctivity because less t3, growth arrest, epiphyseal dysgenesis and dalay bone age
no effect on bone in adullts
what is the greatest cause of preventable brain damage
iodine deficiency
failure of dev of crebrlcorex (vsual n auditry areas)
vitamin C is essential in
capybara, guinea pigs fruit bats teleost fish primates psserine birds
microvitamins toxic in excess
vitamin A
Vitamin D
Calcium
Microminerals toxic in excess
mg
cu
vitamin a toxicity
Used for: vision and cell differentiation
3 kinds: retinal,retinol,retinoic acid
Cats NEED vitamin A
B-carotene can be converted in some species
Causes: bone pain, bony chnges (bony fusions), nerologic signs
vitamin D
Some species can make it some can’t
Steroid prohormone
works at the nuclear level
biosynthesis can be inadequate, and consumptionwill compensate indecrease in biosynthesis
Needed for calcium metabolism (active transport of calcium needs vitamin D)
dogs and cats cant make vitamin d even with sun
vitamin D toxicity and deficiency
Deficienc: impared mineralization of growing bones (rickets)
toxicity:uncommon from diet alone, but found in rodenticides –renal failure, soft tissue mineralziation n accumulates in the fat
steotitus
inflammation of body fat
Vitamin E deficiency
with fatty acids (fish oils) you need more vitamin e
Antioxidant
linked to pufa intake
Deficiency: species specific, other compounds can help (selenium and methionine)
seen in swine and sometimes cats
Micronutrients of special concern for cats
- Vitamin A (cannot make this)
- Thiamin B1 (other disorders can cause a deficiency)
- pyridoxine (cn be paired with thyaminase)
- cobalamin (sensative to antibiotics or gi diseases)
what do cats have a high dietary req for
Niacin and pyridoxine (B6)
micronutrients of rare clinical relavance
riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, vitamin c, biiotin,choline, copper, mangangese, cobalt, ultra trace elements.
Micronutrients lacking in homade dog and cat food
calcium!!!! microminerals! thiamin (B1) cobalamin (B12) taurine
